From our research experience in discovering artemisinin, we learned the strengths of both Chinese and Western medicine. There is great potential for future advances if these strengths can be fully integrated. 2
-Tu Youyou
No doubt, clinical practice in alleviating malaria symptoms utilizing Qinghao – inherited from traditional Chinese medical literature – provided some useful information leading to the discovery of artemisinin. 3
-Tu Youyou
Chinese medicine will help us conquer life-threatening diseases worldwide, and that people across the globe will enjoy its benefits for health promotion4.
-Tu Youyou
Artemisinin… is a true gift from old Chinese medicine. But this is not the only instance in which the wisdom of Chinese medicine has borne fruit.5
-Tu Youyou
My choice of learning pharmacy was driven by my interests, curiosity, and a desire to seek new medicines for patients.6
-Tu Youyou
I was born on December 30, 1930 in Ningbo, a city on the east coast of China with a rich culture and over seven thousand years of history. Although it was a tumultuous age in China when I was a child, I was lucky enough to have completed a good education from primary to middle school. 7
Tu Youyou
Tu Youyou turned to Chinese medical texts from the Zhou, Qing, and Han Dynasties to find a traditional cure for malaria, ultimately extracting a compound – artemisinin – that has saved millions of lives. When she isolated the ingredient she believed would work, she volunteered to be the first human subject. She is the first mainland Chinese scientist to have received a Nobel Prize in a scientific category, and she did so without a doctorate, a medical degree, or training abroad8.
Tu Youyou was born in 1930 in the city of Ningbo on the east coast of China. Her family stressed education for her and her four brothers, but she had to take a two-year break from studying at 16 because she had contracted tuberculosis. When she returned to school, she knew exactly what she wanted to study: medicine. She wanted to find cures for diseases like the one that had afflicted her9.
At Beijing Medical College, Tu studied pharmacology, learning how to classify medicinal plants, extract active ingredients and determine their chemical structures. When she graduated in 1955 at the age of 24, Tu was assigned to work at the newly established Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where she would stay for her entire career. From 1959 to 1962, she took a full-time course in traditional Chinese medicine for researchers trained in modern Western methods10.
North Vietnam asked China for help with battling malaria, which was causing tremendous casualties among its soldiers in the Vietnam War. The single-celled parasite that causes malaria had become resistant to chloroquine, the standard malaria treatment. Chairman Mao Zedong launched Project 523 on 23 May 1967 to find a cure for chloroquine-resistant malaria11.
In 1969, when she was 39 years old, Tu was appointed head of Project 523. Her first order of business was researching the effects of malaria in situ. And for that, she traveled to Hainan Island in southern China, which was currently experiencing a malaria outbreak of its own12.
In those rainforests, Tu witnessed first-hand the disease’s devastating toll on the human body13.
She had to leave her one-year-old daughter with her parents and put her four-year-old in a nursery. “The work was the top priority so I was certainly willing to sacrifice my personal life,” Tu later said. It would be three years before she saw her children again14.
Upon their return to Beijing, the team reviewed ancient medical texts to understand traditional Chinese ways of fighting malaria. At that point over 240,000 compounds had already been tested for use in potential antimalarial drugs, and none had worked. Finally, the team found a reference to sweet wormwood, which had been used in China around 400 AD to treat “intermittent fevers,” a symptom of malaria15.
In 1971, Tu’s team isolated one active compound in wormwood that seemed to battle malaria-friendly parasites. They tested extracts of the compound but nothing worked. So Tu returned once more to the ancient text. She wondered whether the active ingredient in wormwood was being damaged when they boiled the wormwood to prepare the solvent, and so she tried another preparation, this time with an ether-based solvent. Since it boils at a lower temperature, the wormwood wasn’t damaged; when she tested it on mice and monkeys, it had a 100 percent success rate.
Tu and two colleagues tested the substance on themselves before testing them on 21 patients in the Hainan Province. All of them recovered16.
The following year, Tu’s team distilled the compound’s active ingredient, artemisinin, and shared their findings. While her work was not published in English until 1979, shortly after in 1981, the WHO, World Bank, and UN each invited her to present her findings on the global stage.
It took two decades, but finally the WHO recommended artemisinin combination therapy as the first line of defense against malaria. The Lasker Foundation, which awarded Tu its Clinical Medical Research Award in 2011, called the discovery of artemisinin “arguably the most important pharmaceutical intervention in the last half-century17.” At the same time it forbade using the herb, even after research conforemd what practice had shown for centuries: the herb is more effective than the medicine, and also cures medicine resistent malaria.
In 2015 the Nobelprize in medicine was awarded to Tu Youyou Rao Yi for rediscovering artemisia annua as a remedy against malaria18, and made a drug based on Artemisia Annua.19, called Artemisinin.
Tu, for her part, was reluctant to take credit. “I do not want fame,” she said. She deflected praise toward her colleagues from modern as well as ancient China. When she accepted the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, her lecture was entitled, ‘Discovery of Artemisinin: A Gift from Traditional Chinese Medicine to the World.’ But she was clearly proud of her discovery. “Every scientist dreams of doing something that can help the world20.”
One of the compounds tested reduced the number of malaria parasites in the rodents’ blood.
Derived from sweet wormwood,, or artemisia annua, its use as a treatment for malaria, the mosquito-borne disease, which infects 200 million people each year and kills at least 655,000, most of whom are children, was first recorded 1600 years ago in China, when a manual recommended drinking juice extracted from the plant.
This was also seen in an initiative in Uganda, where Robert Watsusi 27gave it once a week as a tea to workers on a flower farm. 28
For a group of people who were once waylaid by this mosquito-borne disease four or more times per year, the tea is a blessing
A randomized controlled trial on Wagagai Flower Farm, showed that workers who drank it once a week as tea reduced their risk of suffering from multiple episodes of malaria by one-third.29
Tea doctor Robert Watsusi giving his weekly Artimisia Annua tea to the field workers. 31
The story of artemisinin demonstrates that even the best malaria drugs are worthless if they are not getting to the people who need them.
In the late 1990s, African malaria parasites had become resistant to standard treatments such as chloroquine, and malaria deaths in Uganda doubled in a decade.
By the early 2000s, there was a proven alternative: artemisinin combination therapies.
Nevertheless, the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria repeatedly rejected countries’ requests for money for ACTs32, funding failing treatments over ACTs at a rate of 10-to-1. (ACT stands for Alliance for Community Transformation33)
In 2004, a group of fed-up scientist writing intheLancetcalled these decisions “medical malpractice.” 34
Although ACTs are heavily subsidized by the international aid community, local clinics frequently run out of stock, 35and Africans often end up with substandard, ineffective, and sometimes counterfeit medications.
Long before ACTs were available in Uganda, rumors of Artemisia’s powers began to spread.
An enthusiastic Ugandan woman named Rehema Namyalo37, in the town of Masaka founded the local Anamed outpost and makes her living advising her neighbors and selling herbal treatments.
After giving a tour of her medicinal garden, she unfurled colorful, handmade posters. One read, “Making A3 Leaf Tea for Malaria Treatment for Adult of Weight 50kg+.”
Another illustrates the proper spacing for Artemisia Annua plants in a field.
This is how the Dutch-owned Wagagai Flower Farm came to know about artemisia annua as a remedy for Malaria.
In 2005, the farm’s owners were struggling because more than one-third of their 1,500 workers were falling ill with malaria each year.
The Tororo Botanical Garden in Fort Portal provided Artemisia seeds, and the owners began distributing the tea for free—not for treatment but for prevention of malaria episodes.
Soon afterward, a researcher named Patrick Ogwang with the Ugandan Ministry of Health documented a decline of malaria incidence among almost 300 workers drinking the tea, and followed up with the randomized controlled trial demonstrating the tea’s effectiveness.
Workers like Peter Osire, an irrigation supervisor, say it has been years since they had a fever.
While the workers are effusive about the tea, malaria experts have taken less kindly to it.
When Ogwang tried to publish the results in Malaria Journal, a reviewer39largely praised the quality of the science but nixed publication out of concern that use of the tea could render ACTs ineffective.
It’s a remarkably patronizing recommendation: that a scientific journal should keep the latest evidence out of the hands of Africans, lest they begin treating themselves.
Marcel Hommel, editor in chief of the journal, defends the decision, saying, “It is the responsibility of an editor to avoid publishing papers that promote interventions which could potentially put patients at risk.”
Ogwang eventually published his results in a less prestigious journal.
It’s hard to see what the risk to individual patients is, since many Ugandans are already using other, unproven herbs from their backyards, and the Artemisia programs have been in place for years.
We’re talking about desperate people trying to live normal lives.
And, in Wagagai, after years of preventive use, resistance has not sprung up.
Ogwang says that may be because the tea, like other herbal products, contains multiple active compounds besides artemisinin.
Cinchona bark is still effective after hundreds of years even though chloroquine (a derivative) is not.
The Chinese have been using Artimisia Annua for more than 1,500 years for a variety of ailments, but the only place where signs of artemisinin resistance have been seen is on the Thai-Cambodian border, where conventional artemisinin drugs are used with abandon.
If the goal is really to reserve these last-resort drugs for treatment rather than for prevention, then why do American and European doctors gladly prescribe Malarone—the only effective artemisinin alternative in some areas—for a romp around Southeast Asia?
Nevertheless, Ogwang is now trying to test whether the tea remains effective for prevention even if the artemisinin is eliminated, an idea that sounds crazy but that could eliminate the objection that the tea could stimulate resistance.
Phytomedicine by a research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) led by biology and biotechnology professor Pamela Weathers 45demonstrates that treatment with the dried leaves of the plant Artemisia annua (DLA) can cure even drug-resistant malaria. The report adds to earlier research by the Weathers team showing that DLA was more effective than conventional malaria drugs in knocking out the malaria parasite (PLOS ONE, 2012) and that DLA is not prone to drug resistance (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015). With malaria still raging as one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases of the developing world, the research offers hope for an effective and low-cost treatment46.
“Artemisia annua L. produces the sesquiterpene lactone, artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug that is also effective in treating other parasitic diseases, some viral infections and various neoplasms. Artemisinin is also an allelopathic herbicide that can inhibit the growth of other plants. Unfortunately, the compound is in short supply and thus, studies on its production in the plant are of interest as are low cost methods for drug delivery. Here we review our recent studies on artemisinin production in A. annua during development of the plant as it moves from the vegetative to reproductive stage (flower budding and full flower formation), in response to sugars, and in concert with the production of the ROS, hydrogen peroxide. We also provide new data from animal experiments that measured the potential of using the dried plant directly as a therapeutic. Together these results provide a synopsis of a more global view of regulation of artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua than previously available. We further suggest an alternative low cost method of drug delivery to treat malaria and other neglected tropical diseases47”.
In a study conducted in rats in 2012, also at the University of Massachusetts, the researchers compared a single dose of pure artemisinin to dried whole leaves, and found that the whole plant was better at killing malaria parasites. 48
How it is possible that the whole herb is more potent than the synthesized drug is explained by Dr Olivier Wenker, MD, in the documentary ancient secrets of essential oils.49
There he explains how plants have thousands of compounds that support each other inreaching a certain effect. In his 15 years of experience working for drug companies, he knows that it is just assumed that the most dominant substance is the one that causes the desired effect, and based on that synthetic drugs are made with only that one dominant substance. But just because a substance is dominant, it does not mean it is the most potent. Besides, because there are so many substances in the plants, resistance to them is less likely, while resistance happens very quickly in sngle substamce drugs.
Still, until 2020, the World Health Organization and a majority of malaria researchers were adamantly opposed to it.
Despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, conventional single-molecule drugs are honed through chemistry to be safer, more specific, and more effective than their herbal progenitors
Falciparum malaria—the most common type in sub-Saharan Africa—starts as a debilitating fever, which can progress in severe cases to convulsions, brain damage, and death.
In this part of the world, it’s almost impossible to stay completely free of the parasites for long. Adults often display a low level of immunity, which makes each subsequent infection painful and unpleasant but usually not fatal.
And while millions have been spent bioengineering bacteria to crank out pure artemisinin on a budget, you still have to get it to the people who need it.52
So the whole leaf of Artemisia Annua has proved to be more effective in treating malaria than drugs, and still it is not widely known.53
One cup of tea a week is enough to prevent malaria.54
Artemisia has officially been recognised as an anti Covid-19 drug in Africa55.
It’s more unique for herbal remedies to be recognized than to be ignored. But even the recognized ones were being forgotten. What a treasure to find them again!
The common name of Artemisia Annua is Sweet Wormwood or Sweet Annie. It is also known as sweet sagewort, annual wormwood, or annual mugwort. It is an annual herbaceous Artemisia that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries.
It is native to Asia. It can grow to be as tall as 9 feet. it is fast growing species of Artemisia.
Sweet Wormwood contains artemisinin which is a leading treatment for malaria disease all around the world. This plant is grown only so that this compound can be derived in bulk.
Artemisia Annua is a hairless plant native to China and naturalized in Europe. Its very divided leaves contain active substances effective in the fight against malaria, cancer, Covid-19 and lyme57. It offers very branched stems from 30 to 100 cm, which can reach more than 3 m in culture.
Artemisia annua was the plant in the spotlight during the 2019 edition of the “Cultivate-Nous!” Campaign. For the release of medicinal plants ”.
Now, Artemisia Vulgaris has a percentage of artemisin of 0,1% and as expected, it is also effective against malaria!64
This was concluded in a study done in 2013:
“The oral administration of a crude ethonolic leaf extract of A. vulgaris is non-toxic and possesses potent antimalarial properties in terms of antiparasitic activity/.”65
Artemisia Vulgaris in bloom, Charente, France, August 28, 2021 66
Artemisia Vulgaris, Charente, July 17, 2022
You need to look carefully see the differences between the species. Sometimes they’re hard to spot.
In five steps, discover in this video the sowing and transplanting, the harvest of leaves and seeds, as well as the uses and dosages of Artemisia:69
Use the lower leaves to make tea. Drink it once a week. It goes nicely with the Thursday blend.70
Tests don’t show any dangers of Artemisia Annua or Adtemis Vulgaris consumption for anyone ever
The fabricated dangers of Artemisia Annua during pregnancy have been measured with high levels of ethanol extract of Artemisia Annua., not with tea.
The researcch on pregnant rats states: “While litter size significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 100 mg/kg EAA, maternal estrogen levels decreased in all the EAA-treated groups. Non-viable (21%) and malformed (31%) foetuses were observed at the 300 mg/kg dose of EAA, which implies that although consumption of the leaf extract may not predispose users to hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, and hyperlipidemia, it should be taken with caution during pregnancy due to possible risk of embryotoxicity at concentrations higher than the therapeutic dose.71
The artemisinin content observed in dry leaf Artemisia annua (0.03%)72,
You would make a pot of tea with about a tablespoon of leaves, which comes to about 2 grams73.
0,03% of 2 grams is 0,03times 0,02 is 0,0006 grams of artemisin per pot of tea, or 0.6 mg per pot.
You would need to have 500 pots of tea to get to a dose that is dangerous for the unborn foetus of someone weighing 1 kg. And for someone of 50 kg, that is 25000 pots of tea, which comes to 37500 liters.
The numbers are even more absurd if you use the artemisia vulgaris, but there another compound isa problem.
The toxicity of the mugwort essential oils was determined using brine shrimp (Anemia sp.) assay. LC0 values (10.3-23.1 μg/mL) obtained for the oils after 24 h of exposure revealed that the oils containing appreciable amounts of germacrene D, 1,8-cineole, camphor and davanone were notably toxic.
You’ll get water poisoning eons before you need to think of any danger from the artemisinin in artemisia annua.
500 ml of fluids per day will result in the excretion of solute-free water. The recommended total daily fluid intake of 3,000 ml for men and of 2,200 ml for women is more than adequate.74
And that includes all fluids, also through food and other beverages , like tea.
The effect was measured with an ethanol extract, not tea, and ethanol is extremely toxic
While ethanol is consumed when drinking alcoholic beverages, consuming ethanol alone can cause coma and death.
The toxicity of ethanol is believed to be in good part, due to the toxicity of its primary metabolic product, acetaldehyde (AcH). 76
Ethanol ismuch more toxic than alcohol, while even 1 or 2 drinks of alcohol can cause damage to the fetal brain.77
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). They cause epigenetic changes, permanent neurodevelopmental deficits, and anomalies in growth and facial structure.78
An epicanthal fold is skin of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner of the eye. The fold runs from nose to the inner side of the eyebrow.81
Causes
Epicanthal folds may be normal for people of Asiatic descent and some non-Asian infants. Epicanthal folds also may be seen in young children of any race before the bridge of the nose begins to rise.
However, they may also be due to certain medical conditions, including:
FAS is often mistaken for autism spectrum disorder. Some of the overlapping traits for autism and fetal alcohol syndrome include: Difficulties socializing and with social communication skills83
Overlap Between Autism & Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Autism and fetal alcohol syndrome often share many of the same traits. Both are neurodevelopmental disorders that lead to difficulties socializing, learning, communicating, and with motor skills.
These conditions may be comorbid, as people with fetal alcohol syndrome show autism traits nearly three-quarters of the time. FAS is often mistaken for autism spectrum disorder.
Some of the overlapping traits for autism and fetal alcohol syndrome include:
Difficulties socializing and with social communication skills.
Trouble making and keeping friends.
Attention deficits.
Slower development.
Impulsivity and problems understanding consequences.
Avoidance of eye contact.
Difficulties with transitions.
Sensitivity to touch.
Issues regulating emotions, leading to mood swings and/or temper tantrums.
Being exceptionally skilled in one specific area or field84.
So that’s what alcohol does to fetuses, and that’s the solvent they use to prove there is something wring with artimisia annua. That means that even a dose equivalent to 25000 pots of tea from Artemisia Annua don’t pose a threat to the fetus. because any danger they found is more likely to come from the ethanol than from the artemisin.
Artemisia is also effective against Covid-19. According to a study published un PMC May 5 of 2021.85
According to that study, it is also because of the minerals in Artemisia:
Mineral
Functions
Zinc
Stimulates and boosts adaptive immune system against coronavirus, increases CD4 level and type 1 T helper cells, inhibits the activity of SARS-CoV-2 enzyme (papain-like protease), improves the production of interferon-α involved in innate immunity, acts as an antioxidant, involves in the metabolism of proline by inhibiting its intracellular transport, inhibits nitric acid production
Gallium
Reduces the production of interleukin-6, TNF-α, and other forms of cytokines responsible for inflammatory reactions
Selenium
Lowers interleukin-8, regulates the concentration of interleukin-2 and stimulates CD4 lymphocytes
Another study from July 22, 2021 also found anti Covid properties in ArtemisiaAnna. It says:
Artemisia annua and its phytocompounds have a rich history in the research and treatment of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other diseases. Currently, the World Health Organization recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy as the first-line treatment for multi-drug-resistant malaria. Due to the various research articles on the use of antimalarial drugs to treat coronaviruses, a question is raised: would A. annua and its compounds provide anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) properties? PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles that investigated the antiviral effects and mechanisms of A. annua and its phytochemicals against SARS-CoVs. Particularly, articles that evidenced the herb’s role in inhibiting the coronavirus-host proteins were favored. Nineteen studies were retrieved. From these, fourteen in silico molecular docking studies demonstrated potential inhibitory properties of artemisinins against coronavirus-host proteins including 3CLPRO, S protein, N protein, E protein, cathepsin-L, helicase protein, nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3), nsp10, nsp14, nsp15, and glucose-regulated protein 78 receptor. Collectively, A. annua constituents may impede the SARS-CoV-2 attachment, membrane fusion, internalization into the host cells, and hinder the viral replication and transcription process. This is the first comprehensive overview of the application of compounds from A. annua against SARS-CoV-2/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) describing all target proteins. A. annua’s biological properties, the signaling pathways implicated in the COVID-19, and the advantages and disadvantages for repurposing A. annua compounds are discussed. The combination of A. annua’s biological properties, action on different signaling pathways and target proteins, and a multi-drug combined-therapy approach may synergistically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and assist in the COVID-19 treatment. Also, A. annua may modulate the host immune response to better fight the infection.88
Conclusion 2.7.a.12
With Artemisia Annua we see the full cycle of devaluation natural remedies usually get: denial of its usefulness, being forbidden, even after having won a Nobel prize for its efficacy, then, when forbidding it becomes impossible, the false allegations of its so called dangers come, which are completely ridiculous when you look at the studies.
Millions upon millions have died because of these lies.
There is a perfectly safe natural remedy for malaria, and it also works against Covid and cancer. Artemisia Annua., Artemisia Vulgaris, and all the artemisin containing Artemisia’s89, The seeds cost next to nothing and you can grow them in your yard!
3Tu Youyou, Nobel Lecture, Artemisinin—A Gift from Traditional Chinese Medicine to the World,Nobel Prize, December 7, 2015, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
34WHO, the Global Fund, and medical malpractice in malaria treatment,PubMed, Lancet, January 17, 2004, Attaran A, Barnes KI, Curtis C, d’Alessandro U, Fanello CI, Galinski MR, Kokwaro G, Looareesuwan S, Makanga M, Mutabingwa TK, Talisuna A, Trape JF, Watkins WM. WHO, the Global Fund, and medical malpractice in malaria treatment. Lancet. 2004 Jan 17;363(9404):237-40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15330-5
PMID: 14738799. Amir Attaran 1, Karen I Barnes, Christopher Curtis, Umberto d’Alessandro, Caterina I Fanello, Mary R Galinski, Gilbert Kokwaro, Sornchai Looareesuwan, Michael Makanga, Theonest K Mutabingwa, Ambrose Talisuna, Jean François Trape, William M Watkins, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK. aattaran@riia.org. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14738799/
47Artemisinin production in Artemisia annua: studies in planta and results of a novel delivery method for treating malaria and other neglected diseases, PubMed,June 10, 2011, Weathers PJ, Arsenault PR, Covello PS, McMickle A, Teoh KH, Reed DW. Artemisinin production in Artemisia annua: studies in planta and results of a novel delivery method for treating malaria and other neglected diseases. Phytochem Rev. 2011 Jun;10(2):173-183. doi: 10.1007/s11101-010-9166-0
49Ancient Secrets of Essential Oils, Holy Moly Studio’s, March 27, 2016,,Rachel Lee Carter, Jk DeLapp, Davi Stewart, Olivier Wenker, Produced byBeverly Bank executive producer Bridgett O’Bryan, executive producer Cinematogy: Ganesh Balaraphy by Rich Praytor, https://youtu.be/51f85b6RSuA?t=3603
59Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia),PubMed, January 31, 2019, Numonov S, Sharopov F, Salimov A, Sukhrobov P, Atolikshoeva S, Safarzoda R, Habasi M, Aisa HA. Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines (Basel). 2019 Jan 31;6(1):23. doi: 10.3390/medicines6010023 . PMID: 30709043 PMCID: PMC6473495.Sodik Numonov,1,2,3 Farukh Sharopov,1,2,4 Aminjon Salimov,5 Parviz Sukhrobov,2 Sunbula Atolikshoeva,2 Ramazon Safarzoda,4 Maidina Habasi,1,2,* and Haji Akber Aisa2,* ,1Research Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products” of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan; moc.liamg@28nojkidos (S.N.); ur.liam@hkurafhs (F.S.)
2Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; moc.liamg@zivrap (P.S.); ur.liam@78alubnus (S.A.)
3Center for Research in Innovative Technologies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734062, Tajikistan
4Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan; ur.xednay@09adozrafas
5V.I. Nikitin Institute of Chemistry of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan; ur.liam@68-noj-nima
60Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia),PubMed, January 31, 2019, Numonov S, Sharopov F, Salimov A, Sukhrobov P, Atolikshoeva S, Safarzoda R, Habasi M, Aisa HA. Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines (Basel). 2019 Jan 31;6(1):23. doi: 10.3390/medicines6010023 . PMID: 30709043 PMCID: PMC6473495.Sodik Numonov,1,2,3 Farukh Sharopov,1,2,4 Aminjon Salimov,5 Parviz Sukhrobov,2 Sunbula Atolikshoeva,2 Ramazon Safarzoda,4 Maidina Habasi,1,2,* and Haji Akber Aisa2,* ,1Research Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products” of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan; moc.liamg@28nojkidos (S.N.); ur.liam@hkurafhs (F.S.)
2Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; moc.liamg@zivrap (P.S.); ur.liam@78alubnus (S.A.)
3Center for Research in Innovative Technologies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734062, Tajikistan
4Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan; ur.xednay@09adozrafas
5V.I. Nikitin Institute of Chemistry of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan; ur.liam@68-noj-nima
64Antimalarial properties of Artemisia vulgaris L. ethanolic leaf extract in a Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model, PubMed, December 5 , 2013 , Bamunuarachchi GS, Ratnasooriya WD, Premakumara S, Udagama PV. Antimalarial properties of Artemisia vulgaris L. ethanolic leaf extract in a Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. J Vector Borne Dis. 2013 Dec;50(4):278-84. PMID: 24499850, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24499850/
65Antimalarial properties of Artemisia vulgaris L. ethanolic leaf extract in a Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model, PubMed, December 5 , 2013 , Bamunuarachchi GS, Ratnasooriya WD, Premakumara S, Udagama PV. Antimalarial properties of Artemisia vulgaris L. ethanolic leaf extract in a Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. J Vector Borne Dis. 2013 Dec;50(4):278-84. PMID: 24499850, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24499850/
66ArtemisiaVulgaris, Charente France, August 28, 2021, Anna Elize, 20210828 IMG_9923
71A safety assessment of the antimalarial herb Artemisia annua during pregnancy in Wistar rats,PubMed, May 27, 2013, Abolaji AO, Eteng MU, Ebong PE, Brisibe EA, Dar A, Kabir N, Choudhary MI. A safety assessment of the antimalarial herb Artemisia annua during pregnancy in Wistar rats. Phytother Res. 2013 May;27(5):647-54. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4760
72Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia),Medicines (Basel). March 6, 2019 , PubMed, January 31, 2019, Published online 2019 Jan 31.Medicines (Basel). 2019 Mar; 6(1): 23.Numonov S, Sharopov F, Salimov A, Sukhrobov P, Atolikshoeva S, Safarzoda R, Habasi M, Aisa HA. Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines (Basel). 2019 Jan 31;6(1):23. doi: 10.3390/medicines6010023 PMID: 30709043 ; PMCID: PMC6473495. Sodik Numonov,1,2,3 Farukh Sharopov,1,2,4 Aminjon Salimov,5 Parviz Sukhrobov,2 Sunbula Atolikshoeva,2 Ramazon Safarzoda,4 Maidina Habasi,1,2,* and Haji Akber Aisa2,* 1Research Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products” of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan; moc.liamg@28nojkidos (S.N.); ur.liam@hkurafhs (F.S.)
2Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; moc.liamg@zivrap (P.S.); ur.liam@78alubnus (S.A.)
3Center for Research in Innovative Technologies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734062, Tajikistan
4Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan; ur.xednay@09adozrafas
5V.I. Nikitin Institute of Chemistry of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Ayni str. 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan; ur.liam@68-noj-nima
74[How much water do we really need to drink?]PubMed, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2010,
. 2010;154:A1757. Meinders AJ, Meinders AE. Hoeveel water moeten we eigenlijk drinken? [How much water do we really need to drink?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2010;154:A1757. Dutch. PMID: 20356431, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. aemeinders@lumc.nl, .https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20356431/
75Drinking Strategies: Planned Drinking Versus Drinking to Thirst,PMC, January 24, 2018, Kenefick RW. Drinking Strategies: Planned Drinking Versus Drinking to Thirst. Sports Med. 2018 Mar;48(Suppl 1):31-37. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0844-6 PMID: 29368181 PMCID: PMC5790864.Robert W. Kenefick, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute, Natick, MA USA
88. An overview of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of Artemisia annua, its antiviral action, protein-associated mechanisms, and repurposing for COVID-19 treatment, PubMed,July 22, 2021,Fuzimoto AD. An overview of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of Artemisia annua, its antiviral action, protein-associated mechanisms, and repurposing for COVID-19 treatment. J Integr Med. 2021 Sep;19(5):375-388. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.07.003 Epub 2021 Jul 22. PMID: 34479848; PMCID: PMC8378675, Andréa D Fuzimoto1 Holistic Sync-Holistic Integrative Medicine, USA/Brazil. Electronic address: anfuzimoto@fivebranches.edu. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479848/
What are the best combinations for optimal absorption?
How much do you need of it a day?
What are the best food sources?
Those questions are answered in the summary at the end.
The rest is a compilation of all the information from studies on phosphorus I found.
When you order the information, the disonnect between the functions of phosphorus and the usual lists of consequences of too little and too much phosphorous, the information gaps become apparent. Here those gaps are closed with the most recent research.
Conclusion: Phosphorus is much more important, and the consequences of too little are much more serious than the usual articles claim.
Phosphorus is an essential mineral that your body uses to build healthy bones, create energy and make new cells1.
You have more of this mineral in your body than any other except calcium. Sulfur, calcium2, and phosphorus are the three most abundant minerals in the human body3.
“Phosphorus” comes from the Greek word phosphorous, which means “bringer of light.”
In drug or supplement form, it’s called phosphate4.
What are really the health benefits of phosphorus and the consequences of too little or too much?
In the information I find on phosphorus I observe a disconnect between the function of phosphorus and what the consequences are of too little phosphorus. You can read it here:
Function of Phosphorus
Phosporus plays an important role in keeping you healthy, so it’s an important part of your diet5.
One of its main tasks is to serve as a building block for healthy teeth and bones6.You may think that’s calcium’s job. But calcium needs phosphorus to make your teeth and bones strong7 and create healthy bones8 create energy and make new cells9 .
Phosphorus also helps your nerves and muscles do their jobs10.
It’s a buffer that keeps the pH level in your blood balanced11.
Phosphorus also helps you turn fat, carbs, and protein12into energy.
But what about the function of phosphorus to regulate bood pH? Does lack of phosphorous then not cause blood pH imbalance, and what is the consequence of that? And what about the role of phosphorus in creating string teeth and bones? Does lack of phorporus not cause weak bones and bad teeth? And what about the role of phosphorus in transforming fat, proteins and carbohydrates into energy? Does lackof phosphorus then not cause lethargy and weight gain?
Let’s take a look
What are the consequences of blood pH imbalance?
A blood pH imbalance can lead to two conditions: acidosis and alkalosis. Acidosis refers to having blood that’s too acidic, or a blood pH of less than 7.35. Alkalosis refers to having blood that’s too basic, or a blood pH of higher than 7.4523.
Consequences of Acidosis
The glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase is pH dependent, as its activity decreases with decreasing pH, and thus glucose utilization in brain cells is impaired.
Therefore, the clinical consequences of decreasing blood pH are
Acidosis is characterized by primary reduction in bicarbonate and pH revealed during arterial blood gas analysis26.
Treatment of acidosis
For more than 50 years, standard care of patients suffering metabolic acidosis, whatever its cause, has included iv administration of the base sodium bicarbonate to correct the acidosis27.
But look at the name of the study: Sodium bicarbonate: basically useless therapy28.
It states:
“This review examines the history of sodium bicarbonate use in neonatology and the evidence that refutes the clinical practice of administering sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or to treat metabolic acidosis in the NICU29.”
Perhaps phosphorus supplementation would be a better idea. And indeed, this is what the literature confirms30.
Phosphorus aids in weight loss
And if phosphporus helps turn fat,carbs and protein into energy, you would expect that it aids in weight loss, and that low phosphorus can lead to weight gain.
And indeed, this is the case:
Low phosphorus status has been positively associated with increased body weight31.
Bones and Teeth
Since Phosphorus plays a role in healthy teeth and strong bones, you would expect lack of it to result in bad teeth and weak bones.
Without phosphorus, your body can’t use calcium well, even with Vitamin D. The results include bone brittleness and teeth that chip easily32
Phosphorus is abundant in all cells and tissues as an important component of DNA, RNA and phospholipids, a source of high-energy bonds in adenosine triphosphates (ATP), a substrate for various kinases and phosphatases, and a regulator of intracellular signaling. Phosphate homeostasis on a cellular level is therefore a significant aspect of normal function for most tissues and organs. Approximately 85% of phosphorus, the second most abundant mineral in the human body, is in bone, primarily compounded with calcium (Ca2+), the most abundant mineral, in hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals deposited on the collagen matrix (Broadus, 2003). Other mineralized tissues such as teeth also contain calcium phosphate as HAP. The remainder is in soft tissue with only about 1% in extracellular fluids (Drezner, 2002). Therefore, maintenance of “normal” phosphate (inorganic or orthophosphate, Pi) homeostasis is essential for normal development, maintenance, and repair of teeth and skeletal tissues33.
Natural foods contain substantial quantities of phosphorus. Deficiency can occur as a result of severe starvation, intake of Pibinders that prevent absorption in the gut, or in diseases associated with renal Piwasting. Dietary Piis absorbed in the small intestine where the impact of hormonal regulation, mediated by the active form of vitamin D, 1,25 (OH)2vitamin D3(referred to herein as Vit D), is minor relative to dietary load. From blood, phosphorus is taken into cells, incorporated into mineralized tissue matrices, or excreted from the body in urine. Hormonal regulation is critical to the homeostasis of absorbed Pi, with the primary locus being the kidney, as much of the absorbed Piis excreted in the urine. Consequently, hormonal regulation of Piexcretion and reabsorption, more so than absorption, maintains circulating plasma concentrations (Drezner, 2002). This “parathyroid-kidney-intestine-bone/tooth” axis of Ca2+and Pibalance is exhibited in Figure 1, with further description of the factors of interest featured in section II34.
Serum calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (Pi) levels regulate gene expression in the parathyroid-kidney-intestine- tooth axis
Decreases in serum Ca2+ induce the calcium sensing receptor in the parathyroid glands, embedded in the thyroid gland, to secrete PTH into the bloodstream. PTH stimulates the activity of 1-α-hydroxylase in the kidney which catalyzes the formation of the active 1,25 dihydroxy form of Vit D (line 1). PTH potently stimulates osteoclast activity to release Ca2+ from bone. Active Vit D increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+ via the TRPV6 Ca2+ channel and of Pi through the Npt2b ion channel. Renal reabsorption of Pi is increased by Vit D through increased Npt2c activity (line 2). PTH acts to reduce Pi reabsorbtion by down-regulation of Npt2a, while the induced increase in serum Ca2+ reduces secretion of PTH. Vit D has effects on tooth mineralization as evidenced by dentin defects under Vit D deficient states. Vit D acts to increase the expression of FGF23 in bone and the FGF23 receptor binding partner Klotho in the kidney (line 3). FGF23 reduces the activity of 1-α-hydroxylase, decreasing the formation of active Vit D (line 4), closing the loop began by PTH demonstrated by the lines numbered 1-4. SIBLING protein expression in bones and teeth are affected by Pi levels. Mutations in Phex induce expression of FGF23 in osteocytes and ameloblasts and odontoblasts, with concurrent increases in MEPE expression and ASARM formation. Loss of function mutations in Dmp1 induce an increase in FGF23 and decrease in DSPP expression levels. The gene expression changes in these mutations result in decreased mineralization in bones and teeth. The hyperphosphatemia in the FGF23 loss of function mutant may induce the observed increased expression of DMP1 in bone and tooth in a compensatory attempt to increase mineralization35..
Kidney stones
Low phosphorus may also cause kidney stones:
“Alterations in phosphorus homeostasis also may contribute to calcium kidney stones. In one cross-sectional study of 207 calcium stone formers and 105 controls, mean serum phosphate was 9% lower and fractional excretion of phosphate was 29% higher in stone formers . Other investigators also have reported lower values of serum phosphate in smaller series of patients with kidney stones . More recent data have led to speculation that higher plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), an osteocyte-derived phosphaturic hormone, may contribute to calcium kidney stone formation 36.
Nerve disorders
If phosphorus is important for nerves, you would expectnervoussystem disorders to occur when there is lack of phosphorus, and according to to the following study, this is indeed the case:
“Severe hypophosphataemia, when combined with phosphorus depletion, has been known to cause a number of clinical conditions, including haematological impairment, metabolic acidosis, osteomalacia, central nervous system dysfunction, myocardial dysfunction, rhabdomiolysis and peripheral neuropathy”37.
Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia refers to a marked softening of your bones,. The softened bones of children and young adults with osteomalacia can lead to bowing during growth, especially in weight-bearing bones of the legs. Osteomalacia in older adults can lead to fractures38.
Rickets is the clinical consequence of impaired mineralization of bone matrix throughout the growing skeleton, whilst osteomalacia is the result of this disturbance after the growth plates have fused in adults39.
Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. This can lead to serious complications such as renal (kidney) failure. This means the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine. In rare cases, rhabdomyolysis can even cause death. However, prompt treatment often brings a good outcome. Here’s what you need to know about rhabdomyolysis.
The “classic triad” of rhabdomyolysis symptoms are: muscle pain in the shoulders, thighs, or lower back; muscle weakness or trouble moving arms and legs; and dark red or brown urine or decreased urination. Half of people with the condition may have no muscle-related symptoms.
Confusion, dehydration, fever, or lack of consciousness40
Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy, a result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation41
Risks of Too Much Phosphorus
While phosphorus is beneficial for most people, it can be harmful when consumed in excess. People with kidney disease can have trouble removing it from their blood and may need to limit their phosphorus intake 42.
Symptoms of too much phosphorus are:
High levels of phosphorus.can cause
your bones to lose calcium or
calcium deposits to form in your blood vessels, eyes, heart, and lungs.
If you have too much phosphorus in your body for a long period of time, your chance of a heart attack45 or stroke46goes up47.
High phosphate levels cause calcium levels in the blood to drop.
Low calcium levels can cause blood pH levels to rise.
Acidosis reduces, and alkalosis increases the binding of calcium to albumin, causing increased or decreased levels of ionized calcium, respectively52.
So acidosis reduces the binding of calcium to albumin, causing increased levels of ionized calcium,
and alkalosis increases the binding of calcium to albumin, causing decreased levels of ionized calcium.
Consequences of Alkalosis
When blood pH levels can become too high, and thus the blood too alkaline it is calles alkalosis. Metabolic alkalosis can have central nervous system manifestations ranging from confusion to coma, peripheral neuropathic symptoms of tremor, tingling and numbness, muscle weakness and twitching, and arrhythmias, particularly when associated with hypokalemia and hypocalcemia53.
Treating alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis is usually treated by replacing water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium) while treating the cause. Rarely, when metabolic alkalosis is very severe, dilute acid is given intravenously. In respiratory alkalosis, the first step is to ensure that the person has enough oxygen54.
The recommended daily intake (RDI) for adults is 700 mg, but growing teens and pregnant women need more. The daily value (DV) was estimated to be 1,000 mg, but was recently updated to 1,250 mg to cover the needs of these groups59.
Meats and other proteins: beef, chicken, fish, and organ meat like liver
Milk and dairy foods: eggs, cottage cheese, and ice cream
Beans: navy, kidney, pinto, and garbanzo
Grains: bran and wheat germ
Nuts and seeds: almonds, cashews, peanut butter, and sunflower seeds62
Phosphorus is found in most foods, but some foods are especially good sources. This article lists 12 foods that are particularly high in phosphorus64.
Dairy
It is estimated that 20–30% of phosphorus in the average American diet comes from dairy65products like cheese, milk, cottage cheese and yogurt66
Just one ounce (28 grams) of Romano cheese contains 213 mg of phosphorus (30% of the RDI), and one cup (245 grams) of skim milk contains 35% of the RDI67.
Low-fat and non-fat dairy products, like yogurt and cottage cheese, contain the most phosphorus, while whole-fat dairy products contain the least68.
Low-fat dairy products like milk, cottage cheese and yogurt are excellent sources of phosphorus, providing at least 30% of the RDI per serving69.
100 grams of cottage cheese has 128 mg of phosphorus70.
Romano cheese: 100 grams has 760 mg of phosphorus71.
Low fat yoghurt: 100 grams has 93 mg of phosphorus72.
Whole fat yoghurt: 100 grams has 109 mg of phosphorus73.
Skim milk: 100 grams has 112mg mg of phosphorus74.
Milk kefir: 100 grams of has 228 mg mg of phosphorus77.
Sunflower and Pumpkin Seeds
Sunflower and pumpkin seeds also contain large amounts of phosphorus.
One ounce (28 grams) of roasted sunflower or pumpkin seeds78contains roughly 45% of the RDI for phosphorus 79.
100 grams of pumpkin seeds have 1233 mg of phosphorus80.
However, up to 80% of the phosphorus found in seeds is in a stored form called phytic acid81, or phytate, which humans cannot digest 82.
Soaking seeds until they sprout can help break down phytic acid, releasing some of the phosphorus for absorption83 . Like seeds, most of the phosphorus in nuts is stored as phytic acid, which is not digestible by humans. Soaking may help, though not all studies agree84.
So don’t overdo it with the soaking, because phytic acid has its benefits and fighs cancer85. Just soak those nutrients that are inedible otherwise, not the others.
Pumpkin and sunflower seeds can be enjoyed as a snack, sprinkled on salads, blended into nut butters or used in pesto, and are a great alternative for people who are allergic to peanuts or tree nuts.Sunflower and pumpkin seeds contain large amounts of the storage form of phosphorus called phytic acid, which humans can’t digest. Sprouting the seeds can help make the phosphorus available for absorption86.
100 grams of sunflower seeds have 1158 mg of phosphorus87
Nuts
Most nuts are good sources of phosphorus, but Brazil nuts top the list. Just a 1/2-cup (67 grams) of Brazil nuts provides more than 2/3 of the RDI for adults
Brazil nuts have 725mg Phosphorus, per 100 grams88.
Other nuts containing at least 40% of the RDI per 1/2-cup (60–70 grams) include cashews89, almonds90, pine nuts91 and pistachios 92 .
They are also great sources of plant-based protein, antioxidants and minerals. Eating them regularly is linked with better heart health93.
Many nuts, and especially Brazil nuts, are good sources of phosphorus, containing at least 40% of the RDI per 1/2-cup (67-gram) serving94.
Mg of Phosphorus per 100 grams:
Nuts, cashew nuts, raw : 593mg Nuts, cashew nuts, oil roasted, without salt added : 531mg Nuts, cashew nuts, oil roasted, with salt added : 531mg Nuts, cashew nuts, dry roasted, without salt added : 490mg 5. Nuts, cashew nuts, dry roasted, with salt added : 490mg 95
1. Nuts, brazilnuts, dried, unblanched : 725mg 2. Nuts, cashew nuts, raw : 593mg 3. Nuts, pilinuts, dried : 575mg 4. Nuts, pine nuts, dried : 575mg 5. Nuts, cashew nuts, oil roasted, without salt added : 531mg 6. Nuts, cashew nuts, oil roasted, with salt added : 531mg 7. Nuts, walnuts, black, dried : 513mg 8. Nuts, almond butter, plain, without salt added : 508mg 9. Nuts, almond butter, plain, with salt added : 508mg 10. Nuts, cashew nuts, dry roasted, without salt added : 490mg 11. Nuts, pistachio nuts, raw : 490mg 12. Nuts, cashew nuts, dry roasted, with salt added : 490mg 13. Nuts, almonds : 484mg 14. Nuts, almonds, blanched : 481mg 15. Nuts, almonds, dry roasted, without salt added : 470mg 16. Nuts, almonds, dry roasted, with salt added : 470mg 17. Nuts, pistachio nuts, dry roasted, without salt added : 469mg 18. Nuts, pistachio nuts, dry roasted, with salt added : 469mg 19. Nuts, almonds, oil roasted, without salt added : 466mg 20. Nuts, almonds, oil roasted, with salt added : 466mg 96
Many whole grains contain phosphorus, including wheat, oats and rice.
Spelt contains the most phosphorus (291 mg or 194 grams per cooked cup98), followed by oats (180 mg or 234 grams per cooked cup99) and rice (162 mg or 194 grams per cooked cup100).
100 grams of cooked spelt has 150 mg of phosphorus101
Most of the phosphorus in whole grains is found in the outer layer of the endosperm, known as the aleurone, and the inner layer, called the germ107.
These layers are removed when grains are refined, which is why whole grains108 are good sources of phosphorus109 and why refined grains are not110.
However, like seeds, most of the phosphorus in whole grains is stored as phytic acid, which is hard for the body to digest and absorb.
Soaking, sprouting or fermenting the grains can break down some of the phytic acid and make more of the phosphorus available for absorption111, 112, 113.
Whole grains like wheat, oats and rice contain a lot of phosphorus. Soaking, sprouting or fermenting the grains may make it more available for absorption114.
Amaranth and Quinoa
While amaranth and quinoa115are often referred to as “grains,” they are actually small seeds and are considered pseudocereals.
One cup (246 grams) of cooked amaranth contains 52% of the recommended daily intake of phosphorus for adults116 and the same volume of cooked quinoa117 contains 40% of the RDI .
100 grams of amaranth has 557 mg of phosphorus118.
Both of these foods are also good sources of fiber, minerals and protein, and are naturally gluten-free120, 121 .
Like other seeds, soaking, sprouting and fermenting can increase phosphorus availability122.
Ancient grains like amaranth and quinoa are highly nutritious and are good sources of phosphorus. One cooked cup (246 grams) contains at least 40% of the recommended daily intake123.
Beans and Lentils
Beans and lentils124also contain large amounts of phosphorus, and eating them regularly is associated with lower risk of many chronic diseases, including cancer125 ,126, 127.
Just one cup (198 grams) of boiled lentils contains 51% of the recommended daily intake and over 15 grams of fiber128, 129.
100 grams of lentils have 451 milligrams of phosphorus130.
Beans are also rich in phosphorus, especially Great Northern, chickpeas, navy and pinto beans, which all contain at least 250 mg per cup (164 to 182 grams)131, 132, 133, 134, 135.
Availability of the [hospherus in beans can be increased by soaking, sprouting and fermenting the beans136, 137 , 138.
Beans and lentils, especially when soaked, sprouted or fermented, are rich sources of phosphorus, containing at least 250 mg per cup (roughly 160–200 grams)139.
Summary:
What is Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body, the first being Calcium.
Function of phosphorus
Phosporus plays an important role in keeping you healthy, so it’s an important part of your diet140.
Phosphorus helps your nerves and muscles do their jobs141.
Phosphorus is a buffer that keeps the pH level in your blood balanced142.
Phosphorus helps you turn fat, carbs, and protein143into energy.
Low phosphorus status has been positively associated with increased body weight152.
Low phosphorus causes the blood pH level to become unstable. If the pH level becomes to ow, and thus the blood becomes to acidic, it is called Acidosis.
The glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase is pH dependent, as its activity decreases with decreasing pH, and thus glucose utilization in brain cells is impaired.
Therefore, the clinical consequences of decreasing blood pH are
Peripheral neuropathy, a result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation156
Symptoms of too much phosphorus are:
High phosphorus levels cause calcium levels in the blood to drop.
3Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? PubMed, November 6, 2007, Nimni ME, Han B, Cordoba F. Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Nov 6;4:24. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-24 PMID: 17986345 PMCID: PMC2198910, Marcel E Nimni, 1 Bo Han,1 and Fabiola Cordoba2 , 1Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90032, USA
2Pediatrics Medical Group, San Juan, 00907, Puerto Rico
8What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride?PubMed,February 2009, Bergman C, Gray-Scott D, Chen JJ, Meacham S. What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Feb;49(2):136-44. doi: 10.1080/10408390701764468. PMID: 18989832.,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18989832/
9What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride?PubMed,February 2009, Bergman C, Gray-Scott D, Chen JJ, Meacham S. What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Feb;49(2):136-44. doi: 10.1080/10408390701764468. PMID: 18989832.,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18989832/
15Assessing the health impact of phosphorus in the food supply: issues and considerations, Calvo MS, Moshfegh AJ, Tucker KL. Assessing the health impact of phosphorus in the food supply: issues and considerations. Adv Nutr. 2014 Jan 1;5(1):104-13. doi: 10.3945/an.113.004861
16Dietary Sources of Phosphorus among Adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2014, PubMed,JMcClure ST, Chang AR, Selvin E, Rebholz CM, Appel LJ. Dietary Sources of Phosphorus among Adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2014. Nutrients. 2017 Jan 30;9(2):95. doi: 10.3390/nu9020095. PMID: 28146091; PMCID: PMC5331526. Scott T McClure12, Alex R Chang345, Elizabeth Selvin678, Casey M Rebholz910, Lawrence J Appel111213, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. smcclur7@jhu.edu.
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. smcclur7@jhu.edu.
Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
Division of Nephrology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA. achang@geisinger.edu.
Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eselvin@jhu.edu.
Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. crebhol1@jhu.edu.
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. crebhol1@jhu.edu.
Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. lappel@jhmi.edu.
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31Effect of phosphorus supplementation on weight gain and waist circumference of overweight/obese adults: a randomized clinical trial,PMC, December 21, 2015, Ayoub JJ, Samra MJ, Hlais SA, Bassil MS, Obeid OA. Effect of phosphorus supplementation on weight gain and waist circumference of overweight/obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes. 2015 Dec 21;5(12):e189. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2015.38 PMID: 26690287 PMCID: PMC4735052, J J Ayoub,1,4 M J A Samra,1,4 S A Hlais,2 M S Bassil,3 and O A Obeid1,* 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 2Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon 3Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon *Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. E-mail: bl.ude.bua@diebo.ramohttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735052/
33Phosphate: Known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures,PMC, December 2008, Foster BL, Tompkins KA, Rutherford RB, Zhang H, Chu EY, Fong H, Somerman MJ. Phosphate: known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2008 Dec;84(4):281-314. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20136 , PMID: 19067423 PMCID: PMC4526155, B.L. Foster,*,1,2 K.A. Tompkins,*,1 R.B. Rutherford,2 H. Zhang,3 E.Y. Chu,1,2 H. Fong,4 and M.J. Somerman1,2 , 1Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, US 2Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA,3Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA, 4Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Corresponding Author: Dr. Martha J. Somerman, DDS, PhD, 1959 NE Pacific, Box 357444, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, Tel: (206) 685-2129; Fax: (206) 616-7478, ude.notgnihsaw.u@namremos, *These authors contributed equally to this review, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526155/
34Phosphate: Known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures,PMC, December 2008, Foster BL, Tompkins KA, Rutherford RB, Zhang H, Chu EY, Fong H, Somerman MJ. Phosphate: known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2008 Dec;84(4):281-314. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20136 , PMID: 19067423 PMCID: PMC4526155, B.L. Foster,*,1,2 K.A. Tompkins,*,1 R.B. Rutherford,2 H. Zhang,3 E.Y. Chu,1,2 H. Fong,4 and M.J. Somerman1,2 , 1Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, US 2Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA,3Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA, 4Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Corresponding Author: Dr. Martha J. Somerman, DDS, PhD, 1959 NE Pacific, Box 357444, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, Tel: (206) 685-2129; Fax: (206) 616-7478, ude.notgnihsaw.u@namremos, *These authors contributed equally to this review, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526155/
35Phosphate: Known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures,PMC, December 2008, Foster BL, Tompkins KA, Rutherford RB, Zhang H, Chu EY, Fong H, Somerman MJ. Phosphate: known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2008 Dec;84(4):281-314. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20136 , PMID: 19067423 PMCID: PMC4526155, B.L. Foster,*,1,2 K.A. Tompkins,*,1 R.B. Rutherford,2 H. Zhang,3 E.Y. Chu,1,2 H. Fong,4 and M.J. Somerman1,2 , 1Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, US 2Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA,3Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA, 4Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Corresponding Author: Dr. Martha J. Somerman, DDS, PhD, 1959 NE Pacific, Box 357444, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, Tel: (206) 685-2129; Fax: (206) 616-7478, ude.notgnihsaw.u@namremos, *These authors contributed equally to this review, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526155/
36Calcium and Phosphorus Regulatory Hormones and Risk of Incident Symptomatic Kidney Stones,PMC, April 7, 2015, Taylor EN, Hoofnagle AN, Curhan GC. Calcium and phosphorus regulatory hormones and risk of incident symptomatic kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Apr 7;10(4):667-75. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07060714 Epub 2015 Jan 26. PMID: 25623233 ; PMCID: PMC4386254. Eric N. Taylor, *† Andrew N. Hoofnagle,‡ and Gary C. Curhan**Channing Division of Network Medicine and§Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; †Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine;‡Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; andDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Correspondence: Dr. Eric N. Taylor, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, ME 04102. Email: gro.srentrap@rolyatnhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386254/
37Hypophosphataemic neuropathy in a patient who received intravenous hyperalimentation,PMC, October 2007, Iguchi Y, Mori K, Koike H, Mano K, Goto Y, Kato T, Nakano T, Furukawa D, Sobue G. Hypophosphataemic neuropathy in a patient who received intravenous hyperalimentation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;78(10):1159-60. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.108720 PMID: 17878199 PMCID: PMC2117536.Yohei Iguchi, Keiko Mori, Haruki Koike, Kazuo Mano, Yoji Goto, Takashi Kato, Tomonobu Nakano, Daisuke Furukawa, and Gen Sobue, Yohei Iguchi, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanKeiko Mori, Haruki Koike, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanKazuo Mano, Yoji Goto, Takashi Kato, Tomonobu Nakano, Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, JapanDaisuke Furukawa, Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, JapanGen Sobue, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanCorrespondence to: Professor Gen Sobue 65 Tsurumaicho, Showaku, Nagoya 466‐8550, Japan; sobueg@med.nagoya‐u.ac.jp https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117536/
42Phosphorus and the kidney: What is known and what is needed, PubMed, January 2014, Nadkarni GN, Uribarri J. Phosphorus and the kidney: What is known and what is needed. Adv Nutr. 2014 Jan 1;5(1):98-103. doi: 10.3945/an.113.004655, PMID: 24425728; PMCID: PMC3884106, Girish N Nadkarni 1, Jaime Uribarri, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY., https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24425728/
55Calcium to phosphorus ratio, essential elements and vitamin D content of infant foods in the UK: Possible implications for bone health, PMC, July 13, 2017, Loughrill E, Wray D, Christides T, Zand N. Calcium to phosphorus ratio, essential elements and vitamin D content of infant foods in the UK: Possible implications for bone health. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3):e12368. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12368, Epub 2016 Sep 9. PMID: 27612307; PMCID: PMC6865864, Emma Loughrill1, David Wray1, Tatiana Christides1, Nazanin Zand1 , Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK., https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27612307/
59Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Final rule,Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2016 May 27;81(103):33741-999. PMID: 27236870.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27236870/
68Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: A Systematic Review,PMC, March 2, 2020, O’Sullivan TA, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;11(4):928-950. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa011 . PMID: 32119732 PMCID: PMC7360438, Therese A O’Sullivan, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia;Contributor Information. Address correspondence to TAOS (e-mail: ua.ude.uce@navilluso.t), Therese A O’Sullivan, Kelsey A Schmidt, and Mario Kratzhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360438/
81Phytic Acid 101: Everything You Need to Know, Healthline, Updated on April 6, 2022,, Written by Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD — Medically reviewed by Grant Tinsley, PhD, Nutrition, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/phytic-acid-101
82Minerals and phytic acid interactions: is it a real problem for human nutrition?International journal of food science & technology 2002 v.37 no.7, https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/1445089
84The effects of ‘activating’ almonds on consumer acceptance and gastrointestinal tolerance, PubMed, December 2018, Taylor H, Webster K, Gray AR, Tey SL, Chisholm A, Bailey K, Kumari S, Brown RC. The effects of ‘activating’ almonds on consumer acceptance and gastrointestinal tolerance. Eur J Nutr. 2018 Dec;57(8):2771-2783. doi: 110.1007/s00394-017-1543-7
93Health Benefits of Nut Consumption, PMC, June 24, 2010,Ros E. Health benefits of nut consumption. Nutrients. 2010 Jul;2(7):652-82. doi: 10.3390/nu2070652 Epub 2010 Jun 24. PMID: 22254047; PMCID: PMC3257681,Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institutd’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pii Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona and Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; Email: se.bu.cinilc@sore;Tel.: +34 93 2279393; Fax: +34 93 4537829 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257681/
107Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis, PubMed, September 2009,Schlemmer U, Frølich W, Prieto RM, Grases F. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective roleand analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Sep;53 Suppl 2:S330-75. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900099, PMID: 19774556, Ulrich Schlemmer1, Wenche Frølich, Rafel M Prieto, Felix Graseshttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774556/
111Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis,PubMed, September 2009, Schlemmer U, Frølich W, Prieto RM, Grases F. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective roleand analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Sep;53 Suppl 2:S330-75. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900099, PMID: 19774556, Ulrich Schlemmer1, Wenche Frølich, Rafel M Prieto, Felix Graseshttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774556/
112Strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sour doughs degrade phytic acid and improve calcium and magnesium solubility from whole wheat flour, PubMed, June 2000,Lopez HW, Ouvry A, Bervas E, Guy C, Messager A, Demigne C, Remesy C. Strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sour doughs degrade phytic acid and improve calcium and magnesium solubility from whole wheat flour. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Jun;48(6):2281-5. doi: 1 10.1021/jf000061g, PMID: 10888537. H W Lopez1, A Ouvry, E Bervas, C Guy, A Messager, C Demigne, C Remesy, Unité de Laboratoire sur l’Innovation des Céréales (ULICE), ZAC Les Portes de Riom , Riom, France. lopez@clermont.inra.fr https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10888537/
113A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability,PubMed, June, 2010, Gibson RS, Bailey KB, Gibbs M, Ferguson EL. A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability. Food Nutr Bull. 2010 Jun;31(2 Suppl):S134-46. doi: 10.1177/15648265100312S206, PMID: 20715598. Rosalind S Gibson1, Karl B Bailey, Michelle Gibbs, Elaine L Ferguson, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Union Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand. Rosalind.Gibson@Stonebow.Otago.AC.NZ, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20715598/
1158 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Quinoa,Healthline, Updated on January 5, 2022, Jillian Kubala, MS, RD and Kris Gunnars, BSc, Medically reviewed by Katherine Marengo LDN, R.D., Nutrition — https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/8-health-benefits-quinoa
118Nutritional Functional Value and Therapeutic Utilization of Amaranth, Submitted: April 3rd, 2019Reviewed: May 17th, 2019Published: August 29th, 2019, Manuel Soriano-García and Isabel Saraid Aguirre-Díaz , DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86897, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/67741
120Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties,PubMed, 2009, Abugoch James LE. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2009;58:1-31. doi: 10.1016/S1043-4526(09)58001-1, PMID: 19878856, Lilian E Abugoch James1, Departamento Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 20, Santiago, Chile. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19878856/
121The revival of Amaranth as a third-millennium food, PubMed, PubMed, 2012, Pavlik V. The revival of Amaranth as a third-millennium food. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2012;33 Suppl 3:3-7. PMID: 23353837, Vladimir Pavlik1 , Department of Military Hygiene, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. pavlik@pmfhk.cz , https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23353837/
122Processing of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd): effects on in vitro iron availability and phytate hydrolysis, PubMed, May 1999, Valencia S, Svanberg U, Sandberg AS, Ruales J. Processing of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd): effects on in vitro iron availability and phytate hydrolysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1999 May;50(3):203-11. Doi: 10.1080/096374899101247, PMID: 10627836, S Valencia1, U Svanberg, A S Sandberg, J Ruales , Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador. .https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10627836/
125Legume consumption and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in the PREDIMED study, Pub Med,January 9, 2018, Papandreou C, Becerra-Tomás N, Bulló M, Martínez-González MÁ, Corella D, Estruch R, Ros E, Arós F, Schroder H, Fitó M, Serra-Majem L, Lapetra J, Fiol M, Ruiz-Canela M, Sorli JV, Salas-Salvadó J. Legume consumption and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in the PREDIMED study. Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb;38(1):348-356. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.12.019, Epub 2018 Jan 9. PMID: 29352655. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29352655/
126Nutritional and health benefits of pulses, Pub Med,June 13, 2014, Mudryj AN, Yu N, Aukema HM. Nutritional and health benefits of pulses, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Nov;39(11):1197-204. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0557, Epub 2014 Jun 13. PMID: 25061763, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061763/
136Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis,PubMed, September 2009, Schlemmer U, Frølich W, Prieto RM, Grases F. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective roleand analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Sep;53 Suppl 2:S330-75. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900099, PMID: 19774556, Ulrich Schlemmer1, Wenche Frølich, Rafel M Prieto, Felix Graseshttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774556/
137Changes in phytates and HCl extractability of calcium, phosphorus, and iron of soaked, dehulled, cooked, and sprouted pigeon pea cultivar (UPAS-120), PubMed, September 2009, Schlemmer U, Frølich W, Prieto RM, Grases F. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Sep;53 Suppl 2:S330-75. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900099, PMID: 19774556, Ulrich Schlemmer1, Wenche Frølich, Rafel M Prieto, Felix Grases , Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Instituteof Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany, ulrich.schlemmer@mri.bund.de, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774556/
145What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride?PubMed,February 2009, Bergman C, Gray-Scott D, Chen JJ, Meacham S. What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Feb;49(2):136-44. doi: 10.1080/10408390701764468. PMID: 18989832.,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18989832/
146What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride?PubMed,February 2009, Bergman C, Gray-Scott D, Chen JJ, Meacham S. What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Feb;49(2):136-44. doi: 10.1080/10408390701764468. PMID: 18989832.,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18989832/
151Calcium and Phosphorus Regulatory Hormones and Risk of Incident Symptomatic Kidney Stones,PMC, April 7, 2015, Taylor EN, Hoofnagle AN, Curhan GC. Calcium and phosphorus regulatory hormones and risk of incident symptomatic kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Apr 7;10(4):667-75. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07060714 Epub 2015 Jan 26. PMID: 25623233 ; PMCID: PMC4386254. Eric N. Taylor, *† Andrew N. Hoofnagle,‡ and Gary C. Curhan**Channing Division of Network Medicine and§Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; †Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine;‡Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; andDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Correspondence: Dr. Eric N. Taylor, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, ME 04102. Email: gro.srentrap@rolyatnhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386254/
152Effect of phosphorus supplementation on weight gain and waist circumference of overweight/obese adults: a randomized clinical trial,PMC, December 21, 2015, Ayoub JJ, Samra MJ, Hlais SA, Bassil MS, Obeid OA. Effect of phosphorus supplementation on weight gain and waist circumference of overweight/obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes. 2015 Dec 21;5(12):e189. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2015.38 PMID: 26690287 PMCID: PMC4735052, J J Ayoub,1,4 M J A Samra,1,4 S A Hlais,2 M S Bassil,3 and O A Obeid1,* 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 2Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon 3Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon *Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. E-mail: bl.ude.bua@diebo.ramohttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735052/
154Dangers of very low blood pH,PMC, Rosival V. Dangers of very low blood pH. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2011 Jul;15(3):194. doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.84887 ,PMID: 22013317; PMCID: PMC3190476. Viktor Rosival, Department of Laboratory Medicine, SYNLAB, Dérer’s Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia, Correspondence: Dr. Viktor Rosival, Department of Laboratory Medicine, SYNLAB, Dérer’s Hospital, Limbová 5, SK-833 05 Bratislava, Slovakia, Europe. E-mail: moc.liamtoh@vlavisor https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190476/
155Hypophosphataemic neuropathy in a patient who received intravenous hyperalimentation,PMC, October 2007, Iguchi Y, Mori K, Koike H, Mano K, Goto Y, Kato T, Nakano T, Furukawa D, Sobue G. Hypophosphataemic neuropathy in a patient who received intravenous hyperalimentation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;78(10):1159-60. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.108720 PMID: 17878199 PMCID: PMC2117536.Yohei Iguchi, Keiko Mori, Haruki Koike, Kazuo Mano, Yoji Goto, Takashi Kato, Tomonobu Nakano, Daisuke Furukawa, and Gen Sobue, Yohei Iguchi, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanKeiko Mori, Haruki Koike, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanKazuo Mano, Yoji Goto, Takashi Kato, Tomonobu Nakano, Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, JapanDaisuke Furukawa, Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, JapanGen Sobue, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanCorrespondence to: Professor Gen Sobue 65 Tsurumaicho, Showaku, Nagoya 466‐8550, Japan; sobueg@med.nagoya‐u.ac.jp https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117536/
159Calcium to phosphorus ratio, essential elements and vitamin D content of infant foods in the UK: Possible implications for bone health, PMC, July 13, 2017, Loughrill E, Wray D, Christides T, Zand N. Calcium to phosphorus ratio, essential elements and vitamin D content of infant foods in the UK: Possible implications for bone health. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Jul;13(3):e12368. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12368, Epub 2016 Sep 9. PMID: 27612307; PMCID: PMC6865864, Emma Loughrill1, David Wray1, Tatiana Christides1, Nazanin Zand1 , Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK., https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27612307/
167Nutritional Functional Value and Therapeutic Utilization of Amaranth, Submitted: April 3rd, 2019Reviewed: May 17th, 2019Published: August 29th, 2019, Manuel Soriano-García and Isabel Saraid Aguirre-Díaz , DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86897, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/67741
Since Emanuel Revici and Johanna Budwig both, independently of one another, discovered the benefits of sulfur combined with essential fatty acids to fight cancer, and since we have already concentrated on essential fatty acids, it’s time to focus on sulfur.
Sulfur, calcium1, and phosphorus2are the three most abundant minerals in the human body3. They are all connected to Vitamin D, and thus to sunlight,
Emanuel Revici catagorized Sulfur as strongly catabolic. ( destructive as in attacking and disposing of cancers and toxins, acidic, negatively charged) Sulur with an Omega-3-ALA lipid killed cancer was his theory and experience, which Johanna Budwig shared. Only she used sulfur in the form of cottage cheese. Cottage cheese has the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine
Another health icon, Stephanie Seneff promotes sulfate as essential for health.
5.2.Stephanie Seneff
“Sulfate deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency you’ve never heard of,” says MIT Senior Research Scientist Stephanie Seneff, PhD, at the recent Clinical and Scientific Insights (CASI) conference in San Francisco.7
Seneff believes that sulfate deficiency is a major culprit behind most modern chronic diseases and health conditions, but it is one that is largely overlooked.8
Sulfate, comprised of the elements sulfur and oxygen is the fourth most abundant anion in our blood.
It exists throughout the body in a variety of forms, filling numerous biological functions.
A critical component of extracellular matrix proteins, it aids in the detoxification of drugs, food additives, and toxic metals.
It also prevents blood from coagulating during transit through capillaries.
Cerebroside sulfate,10 an integral constituent of the myelin sheaths surrounding neuronal axons in the brain, helps to maintain optimal neurological health.
Cerebrosides is the common name for a group of glycosphingolipids called monoglycosylceramides which are important components in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes.11
5.2.1. Sunlight & Sulfation
Like vitamin D–the widely recognized “sunshine vitamin”–sulfate levels depend depend on sun exposure. It is synthesized from sulfide in the skin and red blood cells via a sunlight-dependent chemical reaction.
Seneff described the skin as “a solar powered battery” that captures energy from sunshine to catalyze sulfate synthesis.
The enzyme Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) turns sun energy into sulfate in the skin, she said.
We simultaneously produce both molecules, which exist in the bloodstream and many other parts of the body, when we’re exposed to sunlight.
Vitamin D and cholesterol share a key biochemical connection. Cholesterol, must be present for the body to make vitamin D. Sunlight acts like a bridge between the two nutrients, as ultraviolet B rays from the sun reach the skin and activate 7-hydrocholesterol, a chemical precursor of vitamin D, converting it to vitamin D3.
While many people get their vitamin D3 from nutritional supplements, Seneff pointed to a significant difference between the type our bodies produce naturally and the kind that comes from a bottle.
In the presence of sunlight, skin cells produce vitamin D3 sulfate, a water-soluble form of the typically fat-soluble vitamin D.
The sulfate form can travel freely throughout the bloodstream. But the vitamin D3 found in oral supplements is an unsulfated form that requires low density lipoprotein (LDL) for transport to receptor sites in the body.
Sun exposure is the key to achieving a healthy vitamin D status16.
In addition to vitamin D, many other vitamins, hormones, and neurotransmitters must be sulfated for transport in the blood.
Sulfate transport, says Seneff, ranks among the most important bodily functions these various substances perform.
Cholesterol sulfate is another molecule that Seneff believes deserves more attention from health practitioners. Scientists do not yet fully understand the many biological tasks that cholesterol sulfate carries out. Seneff views this as a problematic oversight, urging that both cholesterol and sulfate are “essential to the wellbeing of all cells.”
Red blood cells produce cholesterol sulfate, which collects around the exterior of the cells and creates a negatively charged field around them.
This aids their smooth passage through tiny capillaries.
In essence, the negative charges prevent the cells from getting stuck to each other or to the capillary walls.
Cholesterol sulfate also prevents red blood cells from rupturing, a condition known as hemolysis.
Cholesterol Sulfate supplie oxygen, energy, sulfur, cholesterol and negative charge to all the tissues. 18
In a paper published in the journal,Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, Seneff and her colleagues theorized that sulfur deficiency contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, and the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other undesirable substances in the artery walls.
Most health experts blame atherosclerosis and Cardio Vascular Disease on elevated serum LDL, low HDL, and elevated homocysteine. But Seneff and the Medical Doctors she collaborates with offer a different theory, one that identifies deficiencies in critical biosulfates–especially cholesterol sulfate–as a prime cause of heart disease.
She suggests that when the body is deficient in sulfates, cardiovascular plaque develops intentionally as an “alternative mechanism” to make and supply more cholesterol and sulfate to the heart.
When sulfate levels are low, artery walls cannot function properly, triggering cascades that lead to plaque production and buildup.
Elevated cholesterol is commonly treated with lipid-lowering statin drugs. But Seneff and the Medical Doctors she works with says addressing heart disease with medications that lower cholesterol is problematic, because “the cholesterol is desperately needed to maintain blood stability.”
“Endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets collaborate to produce [cholesterol sulfate] from homocysteine and oxidized LDL,” she wrote in a 2015 paper. Formation of atherosclerotic plaque is, in her view, the body’s elegant way of providing itself with “a well-choreographed program for renewal of cholesterol sulfate” in conditions where insufficient dietary sulfur and inadequate sun exposure contribute to low cholesterol sulfate levels, 19
Seneff believes there is a link between sulfate deficiency and numerous other health conditions including autism, eczema, asthma, anemia, preeclampsia, premature birth, and digestive disorders20
An electrical engineer and computer scientist by training, she generated considerable consternation from some sectors of the medical world when she jumped the interdisciplinary fences and started publishing research on environmental health issues roughly a decade ago, motivated by her husband who had been prescribed statins for haert disease, and started to experience unpleasant side effecrs.21
She was already aware of the importance of cholesterol for the brain and took him off statins, after which his health improved.
She says eficiencies in cholesterol and sulfate supplies to the blood and to the tissues are the most important factor behind modern diseases. 22
In her search on what heals heart disease, Stephanie Seneff also discovered what works against Alzheimers.
5.2.3. Toxins Disrupt Sulfate Synthesis
Her more recent work on sulfates makes a compelling case for increasing sun exposure, and dietary sulfate intake.
A number of environmental and lifestyle factors make this a challenging goal to achieve.
Countless toxic chemicals can disrupt sulfate synthesis and sulfate transport, leading to sulfate deficiency.
Seneff further argues that the overuse of sunscreen disrupts eNOS as well. In addition to preventing sunlight from catalyzing central chemical processes like vitamin D sulfation, high-SPF sunscreens contain aluminum, which disrupts eNOS.
5.2.4. Boosting Sulfur Intake
To prevent sulfate deficiency, Seneff recommends avoiding exposure to toxins that impair sulfate synthesis, such as aluminum and glyphosate
Glyphosate testing has revealed residues of the herbicide in many staple foods, primarily sugar, corn, soy and wheat.
Replacing conventionally grown produce with organic, non-genetically modified foods significantly lessens the likelihood of unintended toxin consumption.
Eating sulfur-rich foods is another important strategy for boosting sulfate production.
But as with vitamin D, the best way to enhance sulfate synthesis is to get out into the sun.. Easily accessible and entirely free of charge, sunlight is the best and simplest antidote to the problem of sulfate deficiency.23
5.3. Sulfur Function
Your body uses sulfur for various important functions, including building and repairing DNA, as well as protecting your cells against damage. Thus, including enough sulfur-rich foods in your diet is vital for your health2425.
Sulfur plays an important role in crucial functions in your body, such as making protein, regulating gene expression, building and repairing DNA, and helping your body metabolize food26.
This element is also essential for making and recycling glutathione — one of the body’s main antioxidants that help reduce inflammation and prevent cell damage caused by oxidative stress27.
Sulfur also helps maintain the integrity of connective tissues, such as your skin, tendons, and ligaments28.
Sulfur is necessary for several bodily functions and existing research suggests a possible link between the intake of sulfur-rich foods and a lower risk of certain chronic conditions.
5.4.Health benefits and sources of sulfurSulfur is an element that is essential for life, Its form determines its health benefits
5.4.1. Sulfur
Himalayan Salt has 12.4 grams of Sulfur per kg29, which is 1.24 grams of Sulfur per 100 grams, which is 1240 mg. Tha
t is 1240 milligrams of Sulfur per 100 grams.
Sea salt has 9.7 milligrams of Sulfur per quarter-teaspoon of sea salt. Sulfur is the third most common mineral in sea salt30. Even though it is not an essential mineral, sulfur plays an important role in your immune system and the detoxification of your body. A quarter-teaspoon of sea salt weighs 1,15 grams 31 If there is 9.7 mg of Sulfur in 1,15 grams of sea salt, then 100 grans of sea salt has 843.48 mg of Sulfur. That is 397 mg less than Himalayan salt.
Methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino acids34.
5.4. 2. Organosulfur
Allium vegetables are rich in organosulfur compounds, which may also help inhibit the growth of cancer cells in the esophagus, breasts, and lungs, according to some animal studies35. The major organosulfur compounds present in Allium sativum. Regu larly eating garlic and other foods high in sulfur is linked to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation as well as higher antioxidant levels36,
The major organosulfur compounds present in Allium sativum.37Organosulfur compounds of garlic:
The figure shows the major organosulfur compounds present in garlic. (A)The major compounds found in intact garlic cloves. (B)The crushing of garlic clove converts alliin into allicin by the action of allinase enzyme.
Allicin is a highly unstable compound that degrades and rearranges itself into different organosulfide compounds shown in the figure. (C)Apart from oil-soluble organosulfur compounds, garlic also has water-soluble organosulfur compounds shown in the figure.38
The primary sulfur-containing compounds in cruciferous vegetables, known as glucosinolates, may contribute to lower incidences of cardiovascular disease.
One study demonstrated a positive correlation between the consumption of cruciferous vegetables and lower incidences of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease-related mortality. This protective effect is believed to be due in part to their glucosinolate content41.
Broccoli and cauliflower are rich in glucosinolates.
Steaming broccoli for one to three minutes helps maximize the bioavailability of sulfur-containing compounds42.
Broccoli and Cauliflour are rich in glucosinolates43
Emerging research has demonstrated that sulforaphane-rich foods may have protective effects against amyloid beta-induced oxidative damage that can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Sulforaphane may also promote the clearance of amyloid-beta plaque buildup in the brain, potentially reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease 46.Sulforaphane is the inactive form glucoraphanin belonging to the glucosinolate family. Found in cruciferous vegetables, this compound is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-cancer effects47.
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-containing compound found in plant- and animal-based foods.
Glucosinolates have also been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease53.Research has demonstrated that MSM may reduce inflammation and decrease joint and muscle pain54 A randomized, double-blind study found that individuals with osteoarthritis-associated knee pain experienced a reduction in pain and had improved joint function following 12 weeks of MSM supplementation, administered twice daily.
Compared to placebo, MSM produced significant decreases in WOMAC pain and physical function impairment (P<0.05). WOMAC stands for Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index visual analogue scale. MSM also produced improvement in performing activities of daily living when compared to placebo on the SF-36 evaluation (P<0.05)55.
MSM-sulfur may also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, contributing to its potential anti-cancer benefits. Studies have shown that MSM-sulfur may help boost immune function and induce cancer cell death in colon, gastrointestinal, and liver cancers. Glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that supports immune function and protects cells from inflammation, requires sulfur for its synthesis and structure. Research has shown that supplementing with MSM and eating plenty of sulfur-containing foods may increase glutathione levels and encourage the upregulation of glutathione enzyme activity, as well as reduce oxidative stress that can lead to cancer56.
MSM-sulfur may form bonds essential to strengthening the keratin in hair and influencing hair growth.
Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that the body produces from another amino acid, called methionine. Homocysteine is usually found in very small amounts in your body61.
Methionine is the initiating amino acid in the synthesis of virtually all eukaryotic proteins64.
Methionine is an antioxidant. It may help protect the body from damage caused by ionizing radiation. It may detoxify harmful substances in the body, such as heavy metals. It may also prevent liver damage from acetaminophen poisoning65.
RDA Methionine
The RDA for methionine (combined with cysteine) for adults has been set at 14 mg/Kg of body weight per day. Therefore a person weighing 70 Kg, independent of age or sex, requires the consumption of around 1.1 g (0.9 mMoles) of methionine/cysteine per day. 66
Animal sources include tuna, salm on, shrimp, beef, and lamb.
The two terms Cysteine and cystine are often confusing because the spellings of the two terms and pronunciation are similar to each other. However, the key difference between cysteine and cystine is that cysteine is an amino acid, while a cystine forms when two amino acids join together via a disulfide bond.71
Cystine in its neutral form), two cysteines bound together by a disulfide bondS74
Cysteine may play a role in the normal growth rate of hair. Cysteine may also help reduce the effects of aging on the skin. It may help healing after surgery or burns and protect the skin from radiation injury. Cysteine may help burn fat and increase muscle mass75.
Cysteine RDA:
The standard dosage is typically 500 milligrams per day. To treat a respiratory illness, adults can take 200–600 milligrams, twice daily. For COPD, the suggested dose is 600 milligrams, twice daily .
Cysteine Food Sources:
Seeds, especially sunflower seeds76 0,383 grams per 100 grams77
Studies are finding links between taurine and what seems like every body part and function. Here are seven reasons to make sure you’re getting enough taurine in your diet.
1. Supports your metabolism
Taurine is necessary for your metabolic and digestive processes. It helps your liver make bile salts, which break down fats in your intestines.
2. Boosts physical performance
A bunch of studies demonstrate how taurine enhances exercise performance. Research suggests that taurine may help improve energy levels, combat exercise-related fatigue, and reduce muscle damage. Score!
3. Protects your musculoskeletal system
This miracle amino infuses a little TLC into your bones and muscles.
Taurine may help guard against periodontal disease and may facilitate postexercise muscle recovery. Evidence points to taurine being effective in treating skeletal muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy, but more research is needed.
4. Does your eyes and ears good
Research in animals has suggested that taurine may help resolve tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and, in some cases, it may even be able to improve hearing.
A study suggested taurine could be a serious candidate for treating eye disorders like glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy because low levels of taurine seem to influence these types of diseases.
5. Safeguards your heart
Findings from studies in humans and animals suggest that taurine may help reduce high blood pressure, improve blood flow, and promote the health of your arteries.
A 2004 study also shows that taurine can protect against a risk factor of heart disease, high body weight.
There’s also evidence that taurine supplementation seems to amplify the exercise efforts of people with heart failure by lowering their cholesterol and inflammation levels.
6. Fights brain aging
Taurine may be your brain’s little fountain of youth. According to some animal studies, taurine supplementation may benefit learning and memory.
Also, one study found that taurine supplements could improve cognitive function in older adults with dementia.
7. Combats a variety of conditions
Taurine supplementation may benefit people with certain conditions, including:
diabetes
inflammatory conditions, like arthritis
neurological conditions, like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
hepatitis
Taurine may also improve your mental health. Studies found taurine modulated or reduced stress, anxiety, and depression in animals88.
Still, some people have reported side effects after taking taurine, including (20Trusted Source):
vomiting
nausea
liver pain
headache
stomach pain
It’s unclear whether these side effects are related to the amino acid or to a different ingredient that may have been taken alongside taurine.
It’s worth noting that although no evidence shows that taking taurine alongside prescription medications causes side effects, it acts as a cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitor .
This means it could interfere with medications that rely on this enzyme to metabolize drugs, such as antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, warfarin, and statins.90
RDA for Taurine
The most common dosage range for taurine is 500–3,000 mg per day ( 2 , 5 ). However, keep in mind that an EFSA report from 2012 suggests that up to 6,000 daily is safe, demonstrating its strong safety profile.91
Taurine blocks
Taurine is destroyed by heat processes. One study found that an average of 52 percent of the taurine in raw meats was lost through baking and an average of 79 percent through boiling. 92
So chick peas 18.7 nmoles/g. horse beans 12.9, and
black beans 9.2 nmoles/g93. become much less after heating the food.
Taurine Food Sources
Foods high in taurine include, seaweed, brewers yeast and nuts 94
The highest concentration of taurine was found in clams and octopus (41.4 μmoles/g and 31.2 μmoles/g) followed by shrimp and fish (12.4 μmoles/g and 9.1 μmoles/g).
Beef, pork and lamb meet contain taurine in concentration ranging 3.5-4.0 μmoles/g.
Taurine concentration in chicken leg was 6.6 μmoles/g and in chicken breast was 1.4 μmoles/g.
No taurine was found was found either in hen eggs (yolk or white) or in dairy products or in honey. Taurine was undetectable in fruits and vegetables.
From the seeds, cereals and grains examined, rice, wheat, barley, sesame seed, coffee and cacao, contains no taurine.No taurine was detected in peanuts.
Almonds between 15-46 nmoles/g.
Cashews between 15-46 nmoles/g.
Hazelnuts between 15-46 nmoles/g.
pine nuts contained taurine in concentrations ranging 15-46 nmoles/g.
Pumpkin seeds contain 13.5 nmoles/g,
Nori 1,300 milligrams of taurine per 100 grams.95 but since taurine is largely diminished by heat, Dulse is probably a better choice.96
Dulse has 300 milligrams of Taurine per serving97.
Pistachios contained very low concentrations of taurine (4.9 nmoles/g).
All analyses were carried out in uncooked samples.
The interest of these results is considered in terms of reported evidences on the deleterious consequences of taurine deficiency in animals and humans98.
Sulfur dioxide is widely used in the food and drinks industries for its properties as a preservative and antioxidant102 in dried fruits, pickled vegetables, fruit and vegetable juices, cider, vinegar and wine103, Whilst harmless to healthy persons when used in recommended concentrations, it can induce asthma when inhaled or ingested by sensitive subjects, even in high dilution.
About one in nine asthmatics gives a history of asthma worsened by drinking ‘soft drinks’ containing sulfur dioxide. They are comparatively young and their asthma is predominantly extrinsic.
The amount of sulfur dioxide in foods is limited by regulation in the UK, by directive in the EEC, and by recommendations to ‘good manufacturing practice’ in the USA. A list is given of foods and beverages commonly containing sulfur dioxide.
These are predominantly dried fruits and vegetables, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages.
Maximal permitted concentrations are quoted. Exposure to sulfur dioxide may also occur during the manufacture and preparation of foods and drinks in the factory, restaurant and home104.
Another 2016 study, published in the journal Trends in Molecular Medicine, has found that hydrogen sulfide may cause inflammation in the GI tract. This compound breaks the mucous layer that surrounds the gut and protects it against bacteria and toxins. Therefore, high levels of sulfur in the body may worsen IBD symptoms.
5.5.2. Sulfite
Sulfite is also an oxy-anion of sulfur having the chemical formula SO32-.
Some people may develop sulfite intolerance, and if you fall under this category, you may experience skin irritation and rashes, watery eyes, difficulty breathing and other allergic reactions.These symptoms are more likely to result from exposure to sulfites, and not from dietary sulfur.
5.5.2 Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is found naturally in crude petroleum and natural gas. It is also produced through the bacterial breakdown of organic matter. Hydrogen sulfide can be produced by decomposing human and animal waste, and is found in sewage treatment plants and livestock areas.106 Obviously a totally different, inedible substance.
So it’s clear why Revici and Budwig werre so fond of Sulfur for treating cancer. And when they combined it with Omega-3-ALA it als was drawn to the lesions in the cell where it could do its healing work.
But why is Himalaya salt not usually mentiones as a sulfur source?
And why do they include inedible sulfur molecules into the equation , again, and pretend that if you are allergic to the toxic substances with sulfur in them, you have to avoid healthy sulfur compounds as well?
It just seems like the same trick over and over again.
Ome questions remain unanswered, like can the body make all the necessary Sulfur compounds itsself with the Sulfur in Himalayan salt?
Until we know for sure, do keep adding the garlic and broccoli or cauliflour to your menu along with Himalayan salt108, with has many other beneifts as well.
3Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? PubMed, November 6, 2007, Nimni ME, Han B, Cordoba F. Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Nov 6;4:24. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-24 PMID: 17986345 PMCID: PMC2198910, Marcel E Nimni, 1 Bo Han,1 and Fabiola Cordoba2 , 1Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90032, USA
2Pediatrics Medical Group, San Juan, 00907, Puerto Rico
8Sulfate: A Common Nutrient Deficiency You’re Probably Ignoring, Holisitic Primary Care, May 24, 2017, Kristen Schepker, Assistant Editorhttps://holisticprimarycare.net/topics/nutrition-a-lifestyle/sulfate-the-most-common-nutritional-deficiency-you-ve-never-heard-of/
18The Mineral Power for Your Body’s Electrical Supply | Stephanie Seneff | TEDxNewYorkSalon, November 16, 2016, Stephanie Seneff, https://youtu.be/fDWEVXhaydc?t=419
19A novel hypothesis for atherosclerosis as a cholesterol sulfate deficiency syndrome, PMC, May 27, 2015, Seneff S, Davidson RM, Lauritzen A, Samsel A, Wainwright G. A novel hypothesis for atherosclerosis as a cholesterol sulfate deficiency syndrome. Theor Biol Med Model. 2015 May 27;12:9. doi: 10.1186/s12976-015-0006-1. PMID: 26014131; PMCID: PMC4456713. Stephanie Seneff,corresponding author Robert M. Davidson, Ann Lauritzen, Anthony Samsel, and Glyn Wainwright,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Internal Medicine Group Practice, PhyNet, Inc, 4002 Technology Center, Longview, TX 75605 USA
Independent Researcher, Houston, TX 77084 USA
Research Scientist and Consultant, Deerfield, NH 03037 USA
20Is Cholesterol Sulfate Deficiency a Common Factor in Preeclampsia, Autism, and Pernicious Anemia?MDPI, November 8, 2012, by Stephanie Seneff 1,*,Robert M. Davidson 2 andJingjing Liu 1
1Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
2Internal Medicine Group Practice, PhyNet, Inc., Longview, TX 75604, USA
23Sulfate: A Common Nutrient Deficiency You’re Probably Ignoring, Holisitic Primary Care, May 24, 2017, Kristen Schepker, Assistant Editorhttps://holisticprimarycare.net/topics/nutrition-a-lifestyle/sulfate-the-most-common-nutritional-deficiency-you-ve-never-heard-of/
24All You Need to Know About Sulfur-Rich Foods, Healthline,February 26, 2020 ,Written by Alina Petre, MS, RD (NL) on — Medically reviewed by Kathy W. Warwick, R.D., CDE, Nutrition, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods-with-sulfur
25Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease, PubMed, July 2013,Ingenbleek Y, Kimura H. Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2013 Jul;71(7):413-32. doi: 10.1111/nure.12050
26Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease, PubMed, July 2013,Ingenbleek Y, Kimura H. Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2013 Jul;71(7):413-32. doi: 10.1111/nure.12050
27Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease, PubMed, July 2013,Ingenbleek Y, Kimura H. Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2013 Jul;71(7):413-32. doi: 10.1111/nure.12050
28Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? PubMed, November 6, 2007, Nimni ME, Han B, Cordoba F. Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Nov 6;4:24. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-24 PMID: 17986345 PMCID: PMC2198910, Marcel E Nimni, 1 Bo Han,1 and Fabiola Cordoba2 , 1Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90032, USA
2Pediatrics Medical Group, San Juan, 00907, Puerto Rico
36Potential Role of Sulfur-Containing Antioxidant Systems in Highly Oxidative Environments, PMC,November 25, 2014, Mukwevho E, Ferreira Z, Ayeleso A. Potential role of sulfur-containing antioxidant systems in highly oxidative environments. Molecules. 2014 Nov 25;19(12):19376-89. doi: 10.3390/molecules191219376 PMID: 25429562; PMCID: PMC6271769.Emmanuel Mukwevho,1,†*Zané Ferreira,2,† and Ademola Ayeleso2,†1Department of Biochemistry, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
2Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; E-Mails: moc.oohay@arierref.enaz (Z.F.); moc.liamg@oseleya.alomeda (A.A.)
38Antibacterial Properties of Organosulfur Compounds of Garlic (Allium sativum), PMC, July 27, 2021, Bhatwalkar SB, Mondal R, Krishna SBN, Adam JK, Govender P, Anupam R. Antibacterial Properties of Organosulfur Compounds of Garlic (Allium sativum). Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 27;12:613077. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077. PMID: 34394014; PMCID: PMC8362743.Sushma Bagde Bhatwalkar, 1 Rajesh Mondal, 2 Suresh Babu Naidu Krishna, 3 Jamila Khatoon Adam, 3 Patrick Govender, 4 and Rajaneesh Anupam 1 , 1Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
2Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India
3Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
4School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Edited by: Santi M. Mandal, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
Reviewed by: Ranjith Kumavath, Central University of Kerala, India; Sivakumar S., Pusan National University, South Korea; Piyush Baindara, University of Missouri, United States
54Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement, PMC, March 16, 2017,Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ. Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement. Nutrients. 2017 Mar 16;9(3):290. doi: 10.3390/nu9030290 . PMID: 28300758, PMCID: PMC5372953, 1Center for Nutraceutical and Dietary Supplement Research, School of Health Studies, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; ude.sihpmem@nawatbbm
2Bergstrom Nutrition, Vancouver, WA 98660, USA; moc.noitirtunmortsgreb@nimajnebR
55Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement, PMC, March 16, 2017,Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ. Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement. Nutrients. 2017 Mar 16;9(3):290. doi: 10.3390/nu9030290 . PMID: 28300758, PMCID: PMC5372953, 1Center for Nutraceutical and Dietary Supplement Research, School of Health Studies, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; ude.sihpmem@nawatbbm
2Bergstrom Nutrition, Vancouver, WA 98660, USA; moc.noitirtunmortsgreb@nimajnebR
66Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? PubMed, November 6, 2007, Nimni ME, Han B, Cordoba F. Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Nov 6;4:24. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-24 PMID: 17986345 PMCID: PMC2198910, Marcel E Nimni, 1 Bo Han,1 and Fabiola Cordoba2 , 1Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90032, USA
2Pediatrics Medical Group, San Juan, 00907, Puerto Rico
78… During fermentation and storage the amino acid profile of kefir changes and the number of free amino acids like lysine, proline, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and arginine increases (Farnworth and Mainville, 2008). Guzel-Seydim et al. (2003) reported higher amounts of threonine, serine, alanine, lysine, and ammonia in kefir samples than in milk. According to Irigoyen et al. (2012), the essential amino acid phenylalanine is the only amino acid whose content was higher in kefir than in yogurt and in a commercial fermented milk,Harun Kesenkaş
100Culinary Nutrition, The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking,Academic Press, November 6, 2013, Pages 279-331. Jacqueline B.MarcusMS, RD, LD, CNS, FADA, President/Owner, Jacqueline B. Marcus and Associates, Food and Nutrition Consulting, Highland Park, Illinois USA, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123918826000078
102Sulphur dioxide in foods and beverages: its use as a preservative and its effect on asthma,PubMed, April 1980, Freedman BJ. Sulphur dioxide in foods and beverages: its use as a preservative and its effect on asthma. Br J Dis Chest. 1980 Apr;74(2):128-34. doi: 10.1016/0007-0971(80)90023-6. PMID: 7426352.B J Freedmanhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7426352/
104Sulfur dioxide in foods and beverages: its use as a preservative and its effect on asthma, PubMed,April 1980, Freedman BJ. sulfur dioxide in foods and beverages: its use as a preservative and its effect on asthma. Br J Dis Chest. 1980 Apr;74(2):128-34. doi: 10.1016/0007-0971(80)90023-6
If it is too difficult for you to get the aloe vera out of the leaf, find an organic aloe vera, witout aloïne or additives, like this one, and instead of mixing it with the oil like you would do with the gel from the leaf, drink a teaspoon of it before consuming the omega saus.
So then what is the proper way to get Aloe Vera gel out of the leaf?
This is what an Aloe Vera plant looks like:
See how the leaves grow in a spiral? This allows you to peal of the bottom leaf without cutting the plant.
First hang it upside down for 24 hours with a cup underneath to catch the aloine. It is a black, poisonous liquid that us very bad for your health.
After all the aloine has leaked out, using a sharp knife ,cut off the bottom part and carefully cut off the sides.
This can be thrown on the compost heap.
Then cut off the top green layer.
Put this green layer on another plate, This can be used later for skin care purposes, but not for eating, since the green is bitter too.
In this way you free up the gel inside.
Proceed to cut the gel out above a clean plate.
Take what you need, and cut the rest into portions that fit into an icetray, so you can put these in the freezer, where it stays fresh endlessly and can easily be used when needed.
Maria Treben née Günzel (Žatec, Bohemia , September 27, 1907– Grieskirchen, Austria , July 26, 1991) was an Austrian author and herbalist who came to fame in the 1980s.
She was born in 1907 in Žatec, Bohemia, thenAustria-Hungary, the middle of three daughters of the owner of a printing shop who died when she was 10.
For several years they lived in refugee camps until they found refuge in Austria and settled down in Grieskirchen in 1951. She died in 1991.
Treben became famous through her two books: Health Through God’s Pharmacy and Maria Treben’s Cures.The first was translated into 24 languages and sold over 8 million copies.
Treben addressed seminars and presented at natural health conferences in Germany, Austria and across Europe, attracting hundreds of people. She is perceived as a pioneer of the renewed interest for natural remedies and traditional medicine at the end of the 20th century
Agrimonie, brandnetel, daslook, Gele Dovenetel, Duizendblad, Ereprijs, Goudsbloem, Stinkende Gouwe, Guldenroede, Groot Hoefblad, Klein Hoefblad, Kaasjeskruid, Kalmoes, Kamille, Klaverzuring, Mais, Maretak, Walnoot, paardebloem, heermoes, salie, sint janskruid, Sleutelbloem, Smeerwortel, Tijm en wilde Tijm, Vrouwenmantel, Kleefkruid, Smalle en brede Weegbree, kleinbloemig wilgenroosje, wolfsklauw.
She used her own recipes as well as traditional healing remedies like Swedish bitters that she used as a cure-all. Some of her remedies and advice proved to be controversial, such as some of the more esoteric ingredients used in the greater swedish bitters recipe. To this day she is widely read and referred to for her knowledge of European medicinal herbs.
Thymol is also an ingredient in many pesticides — both outdoor and indoor — and is commonly used to target bacteria and viruses, as well as rats, mice, and other animal pests.
Thyme is a wonderful ingredient that’s used in cuisines around the world, particularly in France, Italy, and across the Mediterranean.
Thyme is a main ingredient in this cleansing take on pesto sauce, which you can use as a condiment or add to pasta or rice.
Fresh leaves or whole sprigs can be used while preparing meat or poultry. Thyme is also an excellent ingredient to use with fish, like in this heart-healthy white fish recipe.
Very Well Health writes: Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) is a plant commonly grown in Asia, Central and Southern Europe, and North America. An extract derived from the plant has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Often touted as a natural treatment for cancer, greater celandine is also purported to fight health concerns ranging from asthma to atherosclerosis.1
Although research suggests that greater celandine may offer certain benefits, there’s also some evidence that it might be toxic to the liver and using it may cause other harmful side effects.2
What Is Greater Celandine Used For?
In alternative medicine, greater celandine is said to boost the immune system and be a natural remedy for a number of health conditions, including:1
In addition, greater celandine is said to relieve pain, promote detoxification, stimulate the immune system, and fight cancer.1
There’s some evidence that greater celandine may offer certain benefits in the treatment of the following conditions. However, research on the health effects of greater celandine is fairly limited.
In one double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled multi-center trial involving 120 participants, gastrointestinal symptoms improved in the group who was treated with a greater celandine-containing herbal preparation for four weeks.3
A meta-analysis examining the effects of an herbal preparation containing greater celandine showed similar results, with an improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with herbal treatment.4
Due to a lack of high-quality clinical trials and serious safety concerns, greater celandine cannot currently be recommended for treatment or prevention of any health problem, including cancer.5
Cancer
In laboratory tests on human cancer cells, scientists found that greater celandine may fight cancer by inducing apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death involved in stopping the spread of cancer cells.1
Results revealed that greater celandine significantly reduced the severity of several eczema symptoms, including itching and inflammation. However, it’s unknown whether greater celandine might have the same effect on eczema in humans.
Little is known about the safety of long-term or regular use of greater celandine and how it might interact with medication. Greater celandine may trigger a number of side effects, including nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and fever.9
Greater celandine may harm liver health. In a report published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2009, for instance, scientists warn that several cases of acute hepatitis have been linked to greater celandine consumption in previously published studies.10
A 2017 report published in the European Review for Medical Pharmacological Sciences in fact concluded that the risks of greater celadrine use outweigh the potential benefits.5
Given the safety concerns, it’s critical to consult your healthcare provider prior to using greater celandine, especially if you have a history of liver problems.
Also, keep in mind that supplements like greater celandine are largely unregulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). According to government standards, it is illegal to market a dietary supplement as a treatment or cure for a specific disease or its symptoms. Likewise, these products are not tested by the FDA for safety or effectiveness.11
Some consumers look for products that have been certified by ConsumerLabs, The U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, or NSF International. These organizations don’t guarantee that a product is safe or effective, but they do provide a certain level of testing for quality.
Published: Apr 25, 2018 · Modified: Sep 30, 2019 by Susan Patterson · This post may contain affiliate links ·
Wild garlic, also known as ramsons or ramps, grows free in abundance on many lands open to foraging. In North America, it’s widespread across the eastern U.S. and eastern Canada, growing all the way from Missouri and Minnesota, as far north as Quebec and in higher elevations in the south, though it can also be found in areas along the west coast. It’s a distant relative of chives that delivers a particularly unique take on this, especially ubiquitous ingredient. You don’t eat the bulbs, rather the pungent leaves. It’s something that’s commonly used among Native Americans for both healing and cooking purposes, and it’s often featured in Central Appalachian dishes.
Wild garlic is a collection of species in the Allium genus and offers many of the same characteristics as the garlic cloves you’ve probably been using for years. Medicinally speaking, it can certainly be considered a superfood. It’s known as the most effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with nearly 40 different anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, bacterial, parasitic and viral agents.
Plants in the allium family like garlic, contain a compound known as allicin, which is not only responsible for the distinct smell, but for its many potential biological effects that can help cure many different ailments and support good overall health.
This flavorful plant may best be known for flavoring dishes, but it’s also one of the best natural antibiotics on Earth. Research in 2012 from Washington State University found that it was 100 times more effective than two of the most commonly used antibiotics for fighting off a bacteria called Campylobacter, something that’s responsible for multiple intestinal ailments around the world. It can even kill strains of staph and bacteria that have become immune to modern antibiotics. This is something we’ve known for centuries, long before science ever proved its abilities. In fact, garlic has been used for thousands of years as a healing agent, even utilized to ward off the plague in the 18th century.
As mentioned, wild garlic offers many beneficial properties for the body. Other than its use as a natural antibiotic, it’s ability to detoxify, removing harmful toxins from the body, may be the most important. Keeping the body free of toxins and other potentially harmful substances is one of the key factors in overall health and longevity. A 2012 study published in the journal Basic & Clinical Pharmacology demonstrated that garlic was just as effective at eliminating lead from the body as d-penicillamine, minus the serious side effects.
Lead poisoning, as the researchers noted, accounts for 0.2 percent of all deaths worldwide. Unfortunately, the heavy metal that was once commonly used in paints, is still used in some places today despite the fact that it’s widely known to potentially cause damage to the digestive, cardiovascular and skeletal systems, with particularly devastating impacts on the reproductive organs, nervous system, and kidneys. It is known to have significant negative effects on the kidneys, nervous system and reproductive organs.
Of course, the detoxifying properties of garlic don’t just apply to lead, but the long list of other toxins we’re all exposed to from day to day. There are toxins in many of the foods we consume, in the air we breathe, in cleaning products, secondhand smoke and more.
3. SUPPORTING GOOD CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH THROUGH BETTER BLOOD PRESSURE AND CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
The instance of cardiovascular disease is typically lower in populations that consume lots of garlic. One of the reasons for that may be that garlic has the ability to reduce high blood pressure, or hypertension. A 2013 study out of Saudi Arabia’s King Khalid University published in the Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, revealed that garlic was at least as effective as the powerful blood pressure lowering medication atenolol for decreasing both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in participants who’d been diagnosed with essential hypertension.
Garlic can also help improve cholesterol levels, further supporting heart health. It lowers both overall cholesterol and LDL, otherwise known as the “bad” cholesterol as shown in numerous studies. On average, studies have shown that it may reduce LDL and total cholesterol by about 15 percent.
4. REGULATING BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS
A 2012 study on diabetic rabbits found that garlic offers hypoglycemic effects, meaning that it can help lower or maintain normal blood sugar levels. A review of studies in 2014, also supported the idea that consuming garlic regularly can help lower blood glucose levels.
5. SLOWING THE AGING PROCESS AND PREVENTING BRAIN AGING DISEASES LIKE DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER’S
When your body suffers from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, that serves to speed aging. Wild garlic provides antioxidants that help to support the body’s defenses to protect against oxidative damage. Multiple studies have found that garlic has been linked to increased antioxidant enzymes in addition to the ability to reduce oxidative stress. The combined effects of lowering both cholesterol and blood pressure, coupled with garlic’s potent antioxidant properties, may help prevent common brain aging diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s.
WILD GARLIC RECIPES
There are so many delicious ways to make use of your wild garlic, you’ll want to get out there and start foraging now. You can use it in pretty much any dish where you’d use garlic or leeks. While the leaves are tasty raw they can be a bit too garlicky for most, but you may be able to use them with more mild tasting greens in a salad. Cooking tempers the flavor significantly, so you can also wilt the young leaves and stems, similar to spinach, or add them to a soup.
Thoroughly wash, rinse and dry your wild garlic leaves and then place them in a high powered blender or food processor. Add the olive oil and salt, and then blend into a puree. Store the oil in a lidded glass jar, placing an extra layer of olive oil on top to preserve it. If you don’t plan to use it all within a week or so, freeze it in ice cube trays and then place the frozen cubes into a Ziploc-style bag.
WILD GARLIC ‘NO-MAYO’ MAYONNAISE SUBSTITUTE
Ingredients:
2 ripe avocados
1/2 cup cashews, pine nuts, or hemp hearts
A handful of wild garlic leaves
3-4 sprigs of parsley
2 tbsp organic olive oil
Juice of half of one lemon
1/2 cup of water
Pinch of salt, paprika, and chili or cayenne powder
Directions:
Add all ingredients to a large bowl and blend until smooth. If you need to, add more water. Store what isn’t immediately used in a lidded glass jar, pouring a bit of olive oil on top to preserve it.
Veronica officinalis L. (common speedwell) is used for treating liver, eczema, ulceration, snake bites, wound healing, and skin lesions in Balkan traditional medicine
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of calamus for these uses.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
SIDE EFFECTS
Calamus is LIKELY UNSAFE when taken by mouth. It can cause kidney damage, shaking, and seizures.
The FDA prohibits calamus use in food products because three of the four species of calamus found in the world contain a cancer–causing chemical called beta-isoasarone. However, the beta-isoasarone content can vary widely among species from 0% to 96%. Some products may be safer than others.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Calamus is LIKELY UNSAFE when taken by mouth during pregnancy or breast-feeding. Avoid use.
Heart conditions: Calamus might lower blood pressure and heart rate. In theory, large amounts of calamus might worsen heart problems in some people with heart conditions.
Low blood pressure: Calamus might lower blood pressure. In theory, taking calamus might make blood pressure become too low in people with low blood pressure.
Surgery: Calamus can affect the central nervous system. It might cause too much sleepiness if combined with medications used during and after surgery. If you are using calamus despite safety concerns, stop using it at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
INTERACTIONS
Drying medications (Anticholinergic drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus might increase levels of certain chemical in the body that work in the brain, heart, and elsewhere. Some drying medications called “anticholinergic drugs” can also increase these chemicals, but in a different way. These drying medications might decrease the effects of calamus, and calamus might decrease the effects of drying medications.
Some of these drying medications include atropine, scopolamine, some medications used for allergies (antihistamines), and some medications used for depression (antidepressants).
Medications for Alzheimer’s disease (Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus might increase certain chemicals in the brain, heart, and elsewhere in the body. Some medications for Alzheimer’s disease also affect these chemicals. Taking calamus along with medications for Alzheimer’s disease might increase effects and side effects of medications used for Alzheimer’s disease.
Medications for depression (MAOIs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus contains a chemical that affects the body. This chemical might increase the side effects of some medications used for depression.
Some of these medications used for depression include phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), and others.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus might reduce blood pressure. Taking calamus along with medications used for lowering high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low. Do not take too much calamus if you are taking medications for high blood pressure.
Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.
Sedative medications (CNS depressants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that cause sleepiness are called sedatives. Taking calamus along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness.
Various medications used for glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, and other conditions (Cholinergic drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus might increase certain chemicals in the brain, heart, and elsewhere in the body. Some medications used for glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, and other conditions also affect these chemicals. Taking calamus with these medications might increase the chance of side effects.
Some of these medications for glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, and other conditions include pilocarpine (Pilocar and others), donepezil (Aricept), tacrine (Cognex), and others.
AntacidsInteraction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Antacids are used to decrease stomach acid. Calamus may increase stomach acid. By increasing stomach acid, calamus might decrease the effectiveness of antacids.
Some antacids include calcium carbonate (Tums, others), dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate (Rolaids, others), magaldrate (Riopan), magnesium sulfate (Bilagog), aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel), and others.
Medications that decrease stomach acid (H2-blockers)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Calamus might increase stomach acid. By increasing stomach acid, calamus might decrease the effectiveness of some medications that decrease stomach acid, called H2-blockers.
Some medications that decrease stomach acid include cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), nizatidine (Axid), and famotidine (Pepcid).
Medications that decrease stomach acid (Proton pump inhibitors)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Nettle is a herb that is known for its medicinal properties. It is mostly consumed in its tea form to improve several health aspects like heart issues, gut health, immunity development, kidney function enhancement, allergy reduction, UTI treatment and arthritis pain. It is a powerful blood purifier that drives out toxins from the body, making it the perfect addition to your daily routine to stay healthy.
The anti-oxidant levels and vitamins A and C in nettle tea help in boosting the immune system. The anti-oxidants present in nettle protect the immune system against damage and help to strengthen immunity. Scientists at Hacettepe University in Turkey found that nettle stimulates T-cells which help the body to fight against infection and other diseases which can weaken the immune system.
Now, it only takes a couple of steps to make this tea at your home! So, follow the instructions here.
Generally, one cup of nettle leaves should be added to two cups of water to prepare this tea.
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) has been a staple in herbal medicine since ancient times.
Ancient Egyptians used stinging nettle to treat arthritis and lower back pain, while Roman troops rubbed it on themselves to help stay warm (1).
Its scientific name, Urtica dioica, comes from the Latin word uro, which means “to burn,” because its leaves can cause a temporary burning sensation upon contact.
However, once it is processed into a supplement, dried, freeze-dried or cooked, stinging nettle can be safely consumed. Studies link it to a number of potential health benefits.
Here are 6 evidence-based benefits of stinging nettle.
1. Contains Many Nutrients
Stinging nettle’s leaves and root provide a wide variety of nutrients, including (1):
Vitamins: Vitamins A, C and K, as well as several B vitamins
Minerals: Calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium
SUMMARYStinging nettle offers a variety of vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, polyphenols and pigments — many of which also act as antioxidants inside your body.
2. May Reduce Inflammation
Inflammation is your body’s way of healing itself and fighting infections.
In human studies, applying a stinging nettle cream or consuming stinging nettle products appears to relieve inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis.
That said, research is insufficient to recommend stinging nettle as an anti-inflammatory treatment. More human studies are needed.
SUMMARYStinging nettle may help suppress inflammation, which in turn could aid inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, but more research is needed.
An enlarged prostate is commonly called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scientists aren’t sure what causes BPH, but it can lead to significant discomfort during urination.
Interestingly, a few studies suggest that stinging nettle may help treat BPH.
Animal research reveals that this powerful plant may prevent the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone — a more powerful form of testosterone .
Studies in people with BPH demonstrate that stinging nettle extracts help treat short- and long-term urination problems — without side effects (14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source).
However, it’s unclear how effective stinging nettle is compared to conventional treatments.
SUMMARYStinging nettle may help reduce prostate size and treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland in men with BPH.
ADVERTENTIE
4. May Treat Hay Fever
Hay fever is an allergy that involves inflammation in the lining of your nose.
Stinging nettle is viewed as a promising natural treatment for hay fever.
Test-tube research shows that stinging nettle extracts can inhibit inflammation that can trigger seasonal allergies (16Trusted Source).
This includes blocking histamine receptors and stopping immune cells from releasing chemicals that trigger allergy symptoms (16Trusted Source).
However, human studies note that stinging nettle is equal to or only slightly better at treating hay fever than a placebo (17Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source).
While this plant may prove a promising natural remedy for hay fever symptoms, more long-term human studies are needed.
SUMMARYStinging nettle may reduce hay fever symptoms. Yet, some research indicates that it may not be much more effective than a placebo. More studies are needed on stinging nettle’s effects on hay fever.
5. May Lower Blood Pressure
Approximately one in three American adults has high blood pressure (19Trusted Source).
High blood pressure is a serious health concern because it puts you at risk of heart disease and strokes, which are among the leading causes of death worldwide (20Trusted Source).
Stinging nettle was traditionally used to treat high blood pressure (21Trusted Source).
Animal and test-tube studies illustrate that it may help lower blood pressure in several ways.
For one, it may stimulate nitric oxide production, which acts as a vasodilator. Vasodilators relax the muscles of your blood vessels, helping them widen (21Trusted Source, 22Trusted Source).
In animal studies, stinging nettle has been shown to lower blood pressure levels while raising the heart’s antioxidant defenses (24Trusted Source, 25Trusted Source).
However, stinging nettle’s effects on blood pressure in humans are still unclear. Additional human studies are needed before recommendations can be made.
SUMMARYStinging nettle may help lower blood pressure by allowing your blood vessels to relax and reducing the force of your heart’s contractions. Yet, more human studies are needed to confirm these effects.
In fact, this plant contains compounds that may mimic the effects of insulin (31Trusted Source).
In a three-month study in 46 people, taking 500 mg of stinging nettle extract three times daily significantly lowered blood sugar levels compared to a placebo (30Trusted Source).
Despite promising findings, there are still far too few human studies on stinging nettle and blood sugar control. More research is necessary.
SUMMARYWhile stinging nettle may help lower blood sugar levels, more human studies are crucial before recommendations can be made.
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Other Potential Benefits
Stinging nettle may offer other potential health benefits, including:
Reduced bleeding: Medicines containing stinging nettle extract have been found to reduce excessive bleeding, especially after surgery (32Trusted Source, 33Trusted Source).
Liver health: Nettle’s antioxidant properties may protect your liver against damage by toxins, heavy metals and inflammation (34Trusted Source, 35Trusted Source).
Natural diuretic: This plant may help your body shed excess salt and water, which in turn could lower blood pressure temporarily. Keep in mind that these findings are from animal studies (31Trusted Source, 36Trusted Source).
Stinging nettle could interact with these medications. For instance, the plant’s potential diuretic effect may strengthen the impact of diuretics, which can raise your risk of dehydration.
The best way to benefit from Lady’s Mantle Herb is to make a tea. Just steep chopped Lady’s Mantle Herb (about 2 teaspoons) in hot water for about 10 to 20 minutes. Then strain and drink. The tea has a delicious taste, similar to green tea. You can also add some Raspberry Leaves, Lemon Verbena, Angelica RootorRose Petals.
A recipe for tincture is: fill a bottle with Lady’s Mantle Herb, cover them with 40% ABV alcohol. Macerate for 3 weeks. Daily dosage is 2- 4 ml before the meal. You can take it up to 3 weeks. For the hip-bath, you can use the whole plant or just boil 4 tablespoons of Lady’s Mantle Herb in 500 ml of water. You also add grounded Comfrey Root,English Plantain Leaf. Strain it and pour into your bath.
The aloe vera plant is a succulent plant species from the genus Aloe. It grows abundantly in tropical climates and has been used for centuries as a medicinal plant.
Aloe vera juice is a gooey, thick liquid made from the flesh of the aloe vera plant leaf. It’s commonly known to treat sunburns. But drinking this healthy elixir in juice form provides you with a number of other health benefits.
The aloe plant is very water-dense, so it’s an ideal way to prevent or treat dehydration. Staying hydrated helps your body detox by providing a way for you to purge and flush out impurities. The juice also packs a hefty punch of nutrients that optimize your body’s organ output.
Drinking aloe vera juice helps increase the water content in your intestines. Research has shown a relationship between increasing the intestinal water content and the stimulation of peristalsis, which helps you pass stool normally.
Aloe vera juice is jam-packed with nutrients. Drinking it is an excellent way to make sure you don’t become deficient. It contains important vitamins and minerals like vitamins B, C, E, and folic acid.
If your digestive system isn’t operating optimally, you won’t absorb all of the nutrients from the food you’re eating. You have to keep your internal engine healthy in order to reap the benefits from your diet.
Aloe vera may help decrease irritation in the stomach and intestines. The juice may also help people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other inflammatory disorders of the intestines.
One 2013 study of 33 IBS patients found that aloe vera juice helped reduce the pain and discomfort of IBS. The study was not placebo-controlled, so more research is needed.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Keeping aloe vera juice on hand can also be good for a number of beauty and health needs.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Try using it for the following:
m<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P akeup primer (apply before foundation)
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P makeup remover
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P sunburn soother
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P lightweight moisturizer
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P treatment for irritated scalp (mix in a few drops of peppermint oil)
Decolorized (purified, low anthraquinone) whole leaf aloe vera is considered safe. A 2013 study in mice fed various concentrations of purified aloe vera for three months showed no adverse effects at all from the juice.
Colored vs. decolorized aloe juice
On the other hand, nondecolorized, unpurified aloe vera juice can have unpleasant side effects, including diarrhea and cramping.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Though anthraquinone is an organic compound naturally found in the leaf of the aloe vera plant, it’s considered toxic and should be avoided.
One 2013 studyTrusted Source found that aloe vera whole-leaf extract increased the risk of colon adenomas (benign) and carcinomas (cancer) in rats. However, another study on rats that same year noted that purified and decolorized juice is a safer option when compared to colored aloe vera.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P When shopping, look for the following statements on the label:
Aloe juice has been shown to interact with certain medications. If you are taking any drug that is considered a substrate of Cytochrome P450 3A4 and CYP2D6, do not drink aloe vera juice. Aloe vera juice may increase the risk of side effects of these drugs.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Aloe may also add to the effects of sevoflurane, causing excessive bleeding during surgery. If you are taking sevoflurane, check with your doctor before drinking aloe juice.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Unlike most juices, a 4-ounce serving of aloe vera juice contains no sugar and only a few calories. If you’re watching your sugar intake, aloe vera juice is a healthy choice.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Aloe vera juice can be purchased online or in most health food markets. When shopping for aloe vera juice, it’s important to consider the quality of the product.
<a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P Look for organic, pure, and 100 percent aloe juice. It’s important to drink pure aloe vera juice rather than a blend that has fillers. Read the label carefully.
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For a health boost, drink up to 8 ounces of aloe vera juice per day. You can pour it <a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P over ice, mix it in with your smoothie or favorite juice, or just drink it from the bottle.
Jesica Salyer graduated from Midwestern State University with a BS in kinesiology. She <a href=”http://J Res Med Sci. 2013 Aug; 18(8): 732. PMCID: PMC3872617 PMID: 24379854 Aloe vera in treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome: Trial on Iranian patients Hossein Khedmat,1,2 Ashraf Karbasi,2 Mohsen Amini,2 Aghdas Aghaei,2 and Saeed Taheri3 Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sir, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the intestinal tract, which induces abdominal discomfort concomitant with a change in bowel habit including defecation disorders. IBS is a very common disabling disorder, with prevalence of up to 24% in women and 19% in men;[1] moreover, 12% of visits to primary care physicians and 28% of visits to gastroenterologists belongs to patients meeting diagnostic criteria for IBS.[2] Despite all these unfavorable symptoms of the disease, effective therapies are lacking, and herbal agents are usually used for symptom control. Aloe vera is generally considered “safe” and few studies have investigated the efficacy of Aloe vera in the treatment of IBS. We entered 33 patients consecutively attending our clinic with constipation-predominated refractory IBS into an 8 week treatment course with Aloe vera including a weekly follow-up for evaluating treatment efficacy; and in each session, a new Aloe vera bottle would be given to patients. Aloe vera juice was administered 30 ml twice daily. Visual analog scale (100 mm) questionnaires were used on a daily schedule to assess the variables. The mean ± SD of pain/discomfort at the baseline level was 4.2 ± 0.8, which decreased to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). The mean ± SD of flatulence decreased from 3.7 ± 1.2 at baseline to 0.3 ± 0.6 at the end of the study (P has 10 years of experience in volleyball coaching and mentoring, 7 years working in fitness training and coordination, and experience playing collegiate volleyball for Rutgers University. She also created RunOnOrganic.com and co-founded Further Faster Forever, a community to encourage active individuals to challenge themselves.
Angelica is a genus of plants and herbs that’s often used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asian countries. The roots of many species of Angelica are used to make herbal medicines.
However, angelica root typically refers to the species Angelica archangelica (A. archangelica). It may also refer to Angelica sinensis (A. sinensis).
The roots and other parts of both of these plants have a long history of use in traditional and herbal medicine, although A. sinensis has been more thoroughly researched.
A. sinensis is used in traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes, including hormonal balance, digestive support, and liver detoxification.
On the other hand, A. archangelica is traditionally used in European countries for digestive problems, circulation issues, and anxiety.
Still, there’s little scientific evidence to support many of these uses for either type.
This article reviews what angelica root is, the differences between A. archangelica and A. sinensis, how they’re used, their benefits and downsides, and typical dosage.
Plants in the Angelica genus grow up to 10 feet (3 meters) tall and have globe-like clusters of green or yellow flowers that blossom into small yellow fruits.
They also tend to have a strong, unique smell due to the aromatic compounds they contain. The scent is often described as musky, earthy, or herbaceous (1Trusted Source).
A. sinensis is known by a variety of names, including dong quai and female ginseng. It’s native to China and other countries in East Asia, where it’s used primarily in traditional medicine to treat female hormonal issues.
On the other hand, A. archangelica is commonly known as wild celery or Norwegian angelica. This type grows mainly in European countries, where it’s used in certain culinary applications or as an herbal medicine.
Although the name angelica root implies that just the root is used, most A. archangelica supplements and herbal medicine products contain the root, seeds, fruits, and/or flowers of the plant. A. sinensis products are typically only made with the root of the plant.
SUMMARY
A. sinensis and A. archangelica are related, but typically only the root of the A. sinensis plant is used in herbal medicine, while the entire A. archangelica plant is used.
Angelica root, particularly A. archangelica, has some culinary uses. It’s sometimes used in the production of gin and other spirits, and the leaves can be candied to use as a garnish or decoration.
However, it’s primarily used as an herbal remedy. It has a long history of use as a traditional medicine in Europe and Russia, where it grows wild.
Similarly, A. sinensis root is used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily for women’s health purposes (2Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
A. sinensis is used for women’s health issues in traditional Chinese medicine, whereas A. archangelica is utilized in certain parts of Europe as an herbal remedy and for making spirits.
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Overall, there’s very little scientific evidence regarding the benefits of angelica root — neither A. sinensis nor A. archangelica.
A. sinensis benefits
It’s thought that most of the potential benefits of A. sinensis come from ligustilide, a powerful compound that comprises approximately 1% of the plant and provides much of its strong fragrance (1Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source, 4Trusted Source).
Anticancer properties
In animal and test-tube studies, A. sinensis extract kills glioblastoma cells, which is a form of aggressive brain cancer (5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source).
However, this does not mean that taking an angelica root supplement can kill brain cancer in humans. In fact, this is unlikely, and much more research in humans is needed before A. sinensis can be considered a potential cancer treatment.
Although these findings are a promising starting point for future research, you should follow the advice of your healthcare team if you have cancer.
There’s also some early evidence that it can specifically promote the healing of diabetic foot wounds. These can be more severe and slower to heal than other wounds due to the blood vessel and tissue damage that high blood sugar levels cause (9Trusted Source).
Relief of menopausal hot flashes
One of the most common uses of A. sinensis, especially in traditional Chinese medicine, is the management of menopausal symptoms and other female hormonal issues (10Trusted Source).
Complementary therapies are also growing in popularity, as more people seek out natural options for menopause symptoms like hot flashes or night sweats (11Trusted Source).
Some evidence suggests that decreasing levels of serotonin in the body can contribute to menopausal hot flashes, and angelica root may help maintain or increase circulating levels of serotonin — thereby reducing the severity and frequency of hot flashes (12Trusted Source).
Still, there’s very little high quality evidence to support the use of A. sinensis for menopause symptoms, nor any long-term evidence of its safety in menopausal women (13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source).
Arthritis relief
A. sinensis may provide protection against both osteoarthritis, or joint “wear and tear,” as well as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory, autoimmune condition of the joints.
Supplementing with A. sinensis may decrease inflammation, prevent further joint damage, and promote cartilage repair in osteoarthritis (15Trusted Source).
Regarding RA, A. sinensis may decrease the inflammatory response, reducing pain and improving some of its other symptoms (16Trusted Source).
However, these studies were conducted in test-tube and animal models, so more research is needed.
A. archangelica benefits
A. archangelica may also offer some benefits, but little research has been done on this herb. Additionally, most of the existing research was conducted in test-tube and animal studies, which can only serve as promising starting points for future human studies.
Anticancer properties
In test-tube and animal studies, A. archangelica — like A. sinensis — shows some promising anticancer and anti-tumor effects.
For example, it has been found to kill breast cancer cells in test tubes and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It may have similar effects on cervical cancer, larynx cancer, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells (17Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source, 19Trusted Source).
However, this research is insufficient to prove that A. archangelica can provide anticancer or anti-tumor benefits in humans. More studies are needed. You should follow the treatment plan recommended by your healthcare team if you have cancer.
Antimicrobial effects
A. archangelica may also kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
In test-tube studies, A. archangelica essential oil can kill disease-causing bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (20Trusted Source).
A. archangelica extract and some isolated compounds from it, including imperatorin, also exhibit antiviral activity against the herpes simplex (cold sore) virus and coxsackievirus, which causes digestive illness (21Trusted Source).
A. archangelica essential oil also shows promise as a potential food-safe preservative to inhibit mold growth, as it can kill mold that grows on walnuts (22Trusted Source).
Anti-anxiety effects
Finally, there’s some compelling evidence from animal studies that A. archangelica may help reduce anxiety.
However, these studies haven’t been replicated in humans, so it’s difficult to know whether it’d exert the same effects in people. Human studies are needed.
SUMMARY
A. sinensis offers potential benefits for wound healing, menopause, and arthritis. A. archangelica may provide anti-anxiety and antimicrobial benefits. Both types can kill certain cancer cells in test-tube studies, but more research in humans is needed.
Angelica root, particularly A. sinensis, has known side effects and may cause some drug interactions. While A. archangelica may likewise have some potential side effects, it has not been studied as much as A. sinensis.
There have been suspected cases of high dose A. sinensis supplements causing heart problems. A. sinensis may also increase your blood pressure (26Trusted Source, 27Trusted Source).
A. sinensis may likewise interact with blood thinners like warfarin, possibly causing dangerous and potentially fatal bleeding in certain instances. If you’re taking a blood thinner, you should not use A. sinensis without first clearing it with your healthcare provider (28Trusted Source, 29Trusted Source, 30Trusted Source).
Additionally, members of the Angelica genus contain furanocoumarins, which are the same compounds in grapefruit that may interact with many drugs, including certain cholesterol and anti-seizure medications (31Trusted Source).
Talk to your healthcare provider before supplementing with any type of Angelica if you’re taking prescription medications that carry a grapefruit warning.
Furthermore, know that photodermatitis, which is an abnormal skin response to ultraviolet (UV) rays, and contact dermatitis are also a concern when handling the angelica plant (32Trusted Source).
Finally, due to a lack of evidence regarding their safety in pregnant and breastfeeding women, you should avoid taking A. archangelica and A. sinensis if you’re pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding (33Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
A. sinensis may increase your blood pressure, cause heart problems, and interact with blood thinners. Additionally, plants in the Angelica genus may interact with drugs that carry a grapefruit warning.
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Angelica root supplements are sold in capsule and liquid extract form, as well as dried as a tea.
A standard dosage hasn’t been established, nor is it clear what a safe dose would be to avoid complications and potential side effects. Most angelica root supplements contain 500–2,000 mg of powdered angelica root or angelica root extract per serving.
If you’re taking a blood thinner or have preexisting heart problems or high blood pressure, you should avoid A. sinensis unless your healthcare provider has recommended it to you.
What’s more, avoid self-treating a medical condition with an Angelica-based supplement, as doing so may delay professional care and have serious consequences.
Be sure to consult your healthcare professional before considering it for any health purpose.
Purchasing angelica root
Ensure that the product you purchase contains the type of Angelica that you’re looking for and aligns with your desired effects from supplementation.
Many supplements called angelica root or angelica don’t specify which type they’re made with.
As a general rule of thumb, dong quai supplements are made with A. sinensis, and angelica root supplements are made with A. archangelica.
However, some A. sinensis supplements are also called angelica root. To avoid confusion, only purchase a product that discloses what species of Angelica it contains.
SUMMARY
A standard dosage hasn’t been established. Most angelica root supplements contain 500–2,000 mg of powdered angelica root or angelica root extract per serving. Also, check that the species of Angelica used in the supplement is disclosed on the label.
Angelica root is a popular herbal medicine that has been historically used in parts of Europe and East Asia. Angelica root can refer to either A. archangelica or A. sinensis.
Although each has a wealth of reported uses, there’s very little evidence to support any of them, and most of the existing evidence comes from animal and test-tube studies.
If you’re interested in taking angelica root, check to make sure that the supplement you purchase is the species of angelica root you’re seeking.
Some people apply carlina directly to the skin for treating skin diseases, rinsing wounds and ulcers, and treating cancer of the tongue. Some carlina preparations are used for herpes outbreaks, pimples, and toothaches.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of carlina for these uses.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
SIDE EFFECTS
There isn’t enough information to know if carlina is safe.er
Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is a terpene (organic compound) that’s commonly used in creams, ointments, and lotions. Camphor oil is the oil extracted from the wood of camphor trees and processed by steam distillation. It can be used topically to relieve pain, irritation, and itching. Camphor is also used to relieve chest congestion and inflammatory conditions.
Camphor has a wide variety of topical uses due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be used to treat skin conditions, improve respiratory function, and relieve pain. Continue reading to learn more about the different uses for camphor and its supporting scientific evidence.
Camphor for skin
Lotions and creams containing camphor can be used to relieve skin irritation and itchiness and may help to improve the overall appearance of skin. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties that make it useful in healing infections. A 2015Trusted Source animal study found camphor to be effective in treating wounds and ultraviolet light-induced wrinkles, making it a potential ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics. This may be due to its ability to increase elastin and collagen production. Use a camphor cream on the area you’d like to treat at least once per day.
Relieves pain
Applying camphor to the skin helps to relieve pain and inflammation. A small 2015Trusted Source study found that a spray containing natural ingredients such as camphor, menthol, and essential oils of clove and eucalyptus was effective in relieving mild to moderate pain. The spray was applied to the joints, shoulders, and lower back for a period of 14 days. You may feel a tingling, warming, or cooling sensation when you use camphor products. Apply a camphor spray or ointment to the affected area several times per day.
Heals burns
Camphor balms and creams can be used to heal burn wounds. A 2018Trusted Source animal study found that an ointment containing camphor, sesame oil, and honey decreased the healing time for second-degree burn wounds and was found to be more beneficial than using Vaseline. To use, apply an ointment to the affected area once a day.
Treats arthritis
Camphor products such as Icy Hot and Biofreeze may be effective in relieving pain, inflammation, and swelling due to arthritis. The hot or cold sensations that arise after application of these creams may distract you from the pain. Camphor has also been shownTrusted Source to have anti-inflammatory effects in animal models that are useful in treating arthritis. To use, apply the camphor cream to any affected areas several times per day.
Treats toenail fungus
The antifungal properties of camphor make it beneficial in treating toenail fungus. Research from 2011 found that using Vicks VapoRub, which contains camphor as well as menthol and eucalyptus oil, was effective in treating toenail fungus. In the study, 15 of 18 people showed positive results after using the ointment for 48 weeks. To use, apply Vicks VapoRub to the affected toenails a few times per day.
To use, place 2 teaspoons of Vicks VapoRub in a bowl of hot water. Hold your head over the bowl and cover your head with a towel as you inhale the vapors. You can also apply the balm to your chest or feet and then cover them with socks. Avoid putting it in or around your nostrils.
Antispasmodic
Camphor products may also be used as a muscle rub. It may help to relieve muscle cramps, spasms, and stiffness. A 2004 study found that camphor has antispasmodic and relaxant properties. To use, massage a muscle rub such as Bengay onto your sore muscles a few times a day.
Other uses
Scientific research is limited for some of the purported uses for camphor and the evidence is largely anecdotal. Camphor oil may also be used to treat:
Camphor is generally safe for adults when it’s used correctly. Lotions or creams containing small amounts of camphor can be applied to your skin. Never use undiluted camphor or products containing more than 11 percent camphor. Always do a skin patch test before using camphor on your skin. Apply a small amount of the camphor product to your inner forearm and wait 24 hours to see if any reaction occurs.
Minor side effects such as redness and irritation can occur when using camphor topically. Camphor products should not be used on broken or injured skin because the body could absorb toxic levels. It also can cause respiratory problems such as coughing and wheezing when inhaled. Avoid contact with your eyes.
Don’t use more than 1 tablespoon of camphor solution per quart of water when using it through steam inhalation. Do not heat products containing camphor, such as Vicks VapoRub or Bengay, in the microwave as they have the potential to explode. Never ignite camphor as it has been shownTrusted Source to cause burns.
Note: Camphor should never be ingesting internally as this can cause serious side effects and even death. Signs of camphor toxicity appear within 5 to 90 minutes of ingestion. Symptoms include burning of the mouth and throat, nausea, and vomiting.
Taking camphor internally and using it topically is thought to cause liver damage. Don’t use camphor if you have any medical conditions affecting your liver. You also shouldn’t take camphor if you have asthma or epilepsy.
Do not use camphor products if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, as it has the potential to cause birth defects. Children under the age of 2 should not use camphor products at all. Ingesting camphor has been shownTrusted Source to be fatal to toddlers, even in small doses. It can also cause seizuresTrusted Source in children.ADVERTENTIE
Most camphor products come in the form of a cream, ointment, or balm that can be applied to your skin. You can find sprays and liquid bath soaks. Some anti-itch and shaving creams contain camphor. Some beauty products like face wash, nail polish, and ChapStick contain camphor. It’s also a common ingredient in insect repellents.
Manna is a plant. Its dried sap is used to make medicine. People use the dried sap of manna as a laxative for constipation. They also use it as a stool softener to relieve pain during bowel movements caused by cracks around the anus (anal fissures), hemorrhoids, and rectal surgery.
You may be familiar with myrrh from Biblical stories even if you’re not sure what it is.
Myrrh is a reddish-brown dried sap from a thorny tree — Commiphora myrrha, also known as C. molmol — that is native to northeastern Africa and southwest Asia (1Trusted Source, 2).
A steam distillation process is used to extract myrrh essential oil, which is amber to brown in color and has an earthy scent (3).
Myrrh has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine. Scientists are now testing the oil’s potential uses, including for pain, infections, and skin sores (4Trusted Source).
Here are 11 science-based health benefits and uses of myrrh essential oil.
1. Kills Harmful Bacteria
Ancient Egyptians used myrrh and other essential oils to embalm mummies, as the oils not only provide a nice scent but also slow decay. Scientists now know this is because the oils kill bacteria and other microbes (5Trusted Source).
Additionally, in Biblical times, myrrh incense — often in combination with frankincense — was burned in places of worship to help purify the air and prevent the spread of contagious diseases, including those caused by bacteria.
One recent study found that burning myrrh and frankincense incense reduced airborne bacterial counts by 68% (6Trusted Source).
Preliminary animal research suggests that myrrh can directly kill bacteria, as well as stimulate the immune system to make more white blood cells, which also kill bacteria (7Trusted Source).
In one test-tube study, myrrh oil at a low dilution of 0.1% killed all dormant Lyme disease bacteria, which can persist in some people after antibiotic treatment and continue to cause illness (11Trusted Source).
Still, more studies are needed to determine whether myrrh oil can treat persistent Lyme infections.
Myrrh oil has been used to kill harmful bacteria long before scientists discovered that microbes cause contagious illnesses. It may have an impact on some drug-resistant and Lyme disease bacteria.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, myrrh has traditionally been used to treat oral infections and inflammation (12Trusted Source).
Some natural mouthwashes and toothpaste contain myrrh oil, which is approved as a flavoring by the FDA (13Trusted Source, 14).
What’s more, when people with Behcet’s disease — an inflammatory disorder — used a myrrh mouthwash to treat painful mouth sores four times daily for a week, 50% of them had complete pain relief and 19% had complete healing of their mouth sores (15).
Test-tube studies suggest that mouthwash containing myrrh oil may also help gingivitis, which is inflammation of the gums around your teeth due to a buildup of plaque (12Trusted Source).
Yet, more studies are needed to confirm these benefits.
Keep in mind that you should never swallow myrrh oral-care products, as high doses of myrrh can be toxic (15).
Additionally, if you have oral surgery, it may be best to avoid myrrh mouthwash during healing. A test-tube study found that stitches — especially silk ones — can degrade when exposed to myrrh, though they held up in the doses typically found in mouthwash (16Trusted Source).
SUMMARYSome natural mouthwashes and toothpastes contain myrrh oil, which may help relieve mouth sores and gum inflammation. Never swallow these products.
3. Supports Skin Health and May Help Heal Sores
Traditional uses of myrrh include treating skin wounds and infections. Today, scientists are testing these applications (17Trusted Source).
One test-tube study of human skin cells found that an essential oil blend containing myrrh helped heal wounds (18Trusted Source).
Another study noted that myrrh and other essential oils applied via baths helped mothers heal skin wounds from vaginal deliveries (19Trusted Source).
However, multiple oils were used simultaneously in these studies, so the individual effects of myrrh for wound healing are unclear.
Specific studies on myrrh oil are more telling.
A test-tube study on 247 different essential oil combinations found that myrrh oil mixed with sandalwood oil was especially effective at killing microbes that infect skin wounds (20Trusted Source).
Additionally, in one test-tube study, myrrh oil alone inhibited 43–61% of the growth of five fungi that cause skin conditions, including ringworm and athlete’s foot (17Trusted Source).
Human research is needed to confirm these benefits. However, if you want to try myrrh for general skin health, many natural ointments and soaps contain it. You can also apply diluted myrrh oil directly on your skin.
Applying diluted myrrh oil on your skin may aid wound healing and fight microbes that can cause infections. The oil may also deter the growth of skin fungi, including ringworm and athlete’s foot.
4. Combats Pain and Swelling
Pain — such as headaches, joint pain and back pain — is a common complaint.
Myrrh oil contains compounds that interact with opioid receptors and tell your brain you’re not in pain. Myrrh also blocks the production of inflammatory chemicals that can lead to swelling and pain (1Trusted Source, 2, 21Trusted Source, 22Trusted Source).
When people prone to headaches took a multi-ingredient supplement containing myrrh’s pain-relieving compounds, their headache pain was reduced by about two-thirds during the six-month study (23).
Further research is needed to confirm these benefits. The supplement tested isn’t available in the US, and ingesting myrrh oil is not recommended.
You can buy myrrh-containing homeopathic rubbing oils and other essential oils meant to relieve pain when applied directly to sore body parts. However, these haven’t been studied.
Myrrh oil contains plant compounds that may temporarily relieve pain by signaling your brain that you’re not in pain. It may also block your body’s production of inflammatory chemicals that lead to swelling and pain.
5. May Be a Powerful Antioxidant
Myrrh may be a powerful antioxidant, a compound that combats oxidative damage.
Oxidative damage from free radicals contributes to aging and some diseases.
Additionally, in an animal study, myrrh oil helped protect the liver against lead-induced oxidative damage in direct proportion to the amount of myrrh given prior to lead exposure (26Trusted Source).
It isn’t known whether inhaling myrrh oil or applying it topically — which are two safe uses of myrrh oil for people — helps protect your body against oxidative damage.
Test-tube and animal studies show that myrrh oil is a powerful antioxidant and even more effective than vitamin E.
In a preliminary study, women who failed to respond to standard drug treatment for trichomoniasis were given an oral drug, Mirazid, made of myrrh sap and its essential oil. About 85% of them were cured of the infection (31Trusted Source).
Additionally, an animal study found that the same myrrh drug effectively treated giardiasis (32Trusted Source).
Some human research suggests that this myrrh drug also may be effective against the parasite Fasciola gigantica, which can cause liver and bile duct diseases. However, other studies failed to see a benefit (33, 34Trusted Source, 35Trusted Source, 36).
Mirazid is not widely prescribed at this time.
Though more research is needed, myrrh and its oil may prove helpful for treating parasites, especially in cases of drug resistance. Ingesting myrrh oil is not advised, and long-term safety must be assessed (37Trusted Source).
SUMMARYPreliminary studies suggest that a myrrh-containing medicine may help treat some common parasites, but more research on its effectiveness and safety is needed.
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7–10. Other Potential Benefits
Scientists are testing other potential uses for myrrh oil and its beneficial compounds. The following applications are under study:
Sunscreen: One test-tube study found that SPF 15 sunscreen with added myrrh oil was significantly more effective at blocking ultraviolet rays than the sunscreen alone. By itself, myrrh oil wasn’t as effective as the sunscreen (38Trusted Source).
Cancer: Test-tube studies suggest that myrrh oil may help kill or slow the growth of cancer cells from the liver, prostate, breast, and skin. However, this hasn’t been tested in people (39Trusted Source, 40Trusted Source, 41Trusted Source).
Gut health: One animal study indicates that myrrh compounds may help treat intestinal spasms related to irritable bowel syndrome. Another animal study suggests that myrrh may help treat stomach ulcers (42Trusted Source, 43).
Mold: Test-tube studies note that myrrh oil may help kill mold, including Aspergillus niger, which commonly appears as mildew on damp walls, and A. flavus, which causes spoilage and mold contamination of food (3, 44).
SUMMARYScientists are investigating other potential benefits of myrrh oil, including sunscreen effectiveness, cancer treatment, digestive health, and mold elimination.
11. Simple to Use
Myrrh oil can be inhaled, applied topically, or used for oral care. It should not be swallowed.
Here are some general guidelines:
Topical Use
Due to the risk of skin irritation, it’s best to dilute myrrh oil in a carrier oil, such as jojoba, almond, grapeseed, or coconut oil. This also helps prevent the myrrh oil from evaporating too quickly (45).
In general, use 3–6 drops of essential oil per 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of carrier oil for adults. This is considered a 2–4% dilution. For children, use 1 drop of essential oil per 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of carrier oil, which is a 1% dilution.
You can also add a drop or two of myrrh oil to unscented lotion or moisturizer before you apply it to your skin. Some people add myrrh oil to products used for massage.
Avoid applying the oil to sensitive areas, including your eyes and inner ears. Wash your hands with soapy water after handling essential oils to avoid accidental exposure to delicate areas.
Inhaling
You can add 3–4 drops of myrrh oil to a diffuser to distribute the oil as a fine mist into the surrounding air.
If you don’t have a diffuser, you can simply place a few drops of the oil on a tissue or cloth and inhale periodically or add a few drops to hot water and inhale the steam.
One simple trick is to apply a few drops of myrrh oil to the cardboard tube inside a roll of toilet paper. When someone uses it, a bit of the aroma will be released.
Combinations
The earthy aroma of myrrh oil blends well with spicy, citrus, and floral essential oils, such as frankincense, lemon, and lavender, respectively.
The combination of myrrh and frankincense is especially popular — not only because of their complementary scents but also because of their synergy, or interaction that produces even greater benefits.
In test-tube studies, combined myrrh and frankincense oils improved their effectiveness against infectious bacteria and other microbes. About 11% of this improvement was due to synergistic interactions of the oils (46Trusted Source).
SUMMARYYou can apply diluted myrrh oil to your skin, diffuse it, or use it orally. The oil can be used alone or in combination with complementary oils, such as frankincense and lemon.
Potential Risks
Like other essential oils, myrrh oil is very concentrated, so you only need a few drops at a time. Avoid diffusing it close to babies and young children, as it’s uncertain how much they’ll inhale and how much is safe.
Additionally, no one should swallow myrrh oil, as it can be toxic (15).
Some people should be especially cautious with myrrh oil and may need to avoid it entirely. Bear this in mind if any of the following conditions apply to you (45, 47Trusted Source):
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Avoid myrrh oil if you’re pregnant, as it can cause uterine contractions and may trigger miscarriage. Also avoid myrrh oil if you’re breastfeeding, as its safety to your baby isn’t known.
Blood-thinning drugs: Don’t use myrrh if you’re taking blood thinners, such as warfarin, as myrrh could decrease their effectiveness.
Heart problems: Large amounts of myrrh may affect your heart rate, so use myrrh oil with caution if you have a heart condition.
Diabetes: If you’re taking diabetes medication, keep in mind that myrrh may lower blood sugar. Therefore, this combination could potentially result in blood sugar that’s too low.
Surgery: Myrrh may interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Discontinue using myrrh products two weeks before surgery or as advised by your surgeon.
SUMMARYIf you’re pregnant, have heart problems, are planning surgery, or take blood thinners or diabetes medications, you may want to limit or avoid myrrh oil.
The Bottom Line
In addition to its pleasant, warm, and earthy scent, myrrh oil may also have several health benefits.
However, the majority of these studies are in test tubes, animals, or small groups of people, so it’s difficult to make any firm conclusions about its benefits.
Rhubarb is renowned for its sour taste and thick stalks, which are usually cooked with sugar.
The stalks range in color from red to pink to pale green and have a consistency that’s similar to celery.
This vegetable requires cold winters to grow. As a result, it’s mainly found in mountainous and temperate regions around the world, especially in Northeast Asia. It’s also a common garden plant in North America and Northern Europe.
Several varieties and species exist. In the West, the most common variety is called culinary or garden rhubarb (Rheum x hybridum).
Rhubarb is an unusual vegetable because it’s very sour and slightly sweet.
In fact, it’s easily mistaken for a fruit. Adding to the confusion, rhubarb is officially classified as a fruit by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1Trusted Source).
Due to its sour taste, it’s rarely eaten raw. Instead, it’s normally cooked — either sweetened with sugar or used as an ingredient.
It wasn’t until the 18th century, when sugar became cheap and readily available, that rhubarb became a popular food.
Before that, it was mainly used medicinally. In fact, its dried roots have been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.
Only the stalks are eaten, most commonly in sweet soups, jams, sauces, pies, tarts, crumbles, cocktails, and rhubarb wine.
As sweet rhubarb pies are a traditional dessert in the United Kingdom and North America, this vegetable is sometimes called “pie plant.”
Rhubarb is not especially rich in essential nutrients, and its calorie content is low.
However, it is a very good source of vitamin K1, providing around 26–37% of the Daily Value (DV) in a 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving depending on whether it’s cooked (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).
Like other fruits and vegetables, it’s also high in fiber, providing similar amounts as oranges, apples, or celery.
A 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving of cooked rhubarb with added sugar contains (3Trusted Source):
Calories: 116
Carbs: 31.2 grams
Fiber: 2 grams
Protein: 0.4 grams
Vitamin K1: 26% of the DV
Calcium: 15% of the DV
Vitamin C: 6% of the DV
Potassium: 3% of the DV
Folate: 1% of the DV
Although there are decent amounts of calcium in rhubarb, it’s mainly in the form of the antinutrient calcium oxalate. In this form, your body can’t absorb it efficiently (4Trusted Source).
It is also moderately high in vitamin C, boasting 6% of the DV in a 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving.
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Studies on the health benefits of rhubarb are limited.
However, a few studies have examined the effects of isolated rhubarb stalk components, such as its fiber.
May lower cholesterol levels
Rhubarb stalks are a good source of fiber, which may affect your cholesterol.
In one controlled study, men with high levels ate 27 grams of rhubarb-stalk fiber every day for a month. Their total cholesterol dropped by 8% and their LDL (bad) cholesterol by 9% (5Trusted Source).
This beneficial effect is not exclusive to rhubarb fiber. Many other fiber sources are equally effective (6Trusted Source).
One study suggests that its total polyphenol content may be even higher than that of kale (7Trusted Source).
The antioxidants in rhubarb include anthocyanins, which are responsible for its red color and thought to provide health benefits. Rhubarb is also high in proanthocyanidins, also known as condensed tannins (8, 9Trusted Source).
These antioxidants may be responsible for some of the health benefits of fruits, red wine, and cocoa (10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source).
Rhubarb is probably the most sour-tasting vegetable you can find.
Its acidity is mainly due to its high levels of malic and oxalic acid. Malic acid is one of the most abundant acids in plants and contributes to the sour taste of many fruits and vegetables (8).
Interestingly, growing rhubarb in darkness makes it less sour and more tender. This variety is known as forced rhubarb, which is grown in spring or late winter.
Rhubarb is among the richest dietary sources of calcium oxalate, the most common form of oxalic acid in plants.
In fact, according to folk tradition, rhubarb should not be harvested past late June, as oxalic acid levels are said to rise from spring to summer.
This substance is particularly abundant in the leaves, but the stalks may also contain high amounts, depending on the variety.
Too much calcium oxalate can lead to hyperoxaluria, a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in various organs.
Not everyone responds to dietary oxalate in the same way. Some people are genetically predisposed to health problems associated with oxalates (13Trusted Source).
Additionally, growing evidence suggests this problem is worse for those who lack certain beneficial gut bacteria. Interestingly, some gut bacteria, such as Oxalobacter formigenes, degrade and neutralize dietary oxalates (15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source).
Although reports of rhubarb poisoning are rare, make sure you consume it in moderation and avoid the leaves. What’s more, cooking your rhubarb may reduce its oxalate content by 30–87% (17Trusted Source, 18, 19Trusted Source, 20Trusted Source).
Since it may be high in oxalate, you should avoid eating too much of it and try to select stalks from low-oxalate varieties. If you are prone to kidney stones, it might be best to avoid rhubarb altogether.
On the bright side, rhubarb is a good source of antioxidants, vitamin K, and fiber.
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Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world — with 1 pound (450 grams) costing between 500 and 5,000 U.S. dollars.
The reason for its hefty price is its labor-intensive harvesting method, making the production costly.
Saffron is harvested by hand from the Crocus sativus flower, commonly known as the “saffron crocus.” The term “saffron” applies to the flower’s thread-like structures, or stigma.
It originated in Greece, where it was revered for its medicinal properties. People would eat saffron to enhance libido, boost mood, and improve memory (1Trusted Source).
Here are 11 impressive health benefits of saffron.
Saffron contains an impressive variety of plant compounds that act as antioxidants — molecules that protect your cells against free radicals and oxidative stress.
Notable saffron antioxidants include crocin, crocetin, safranal, and kaempferol (2Trusted Source).
Crocin and crocetin are carotenoid pigments and responsible for saffron’s red color. Both compounds may have antidepressant properties, protect brain cells against progressive damage, improve inflammation, reduce appetite, and aid weight loss (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).
Safranal gives saffron its distinct taste and aroma. Research shows that it may help improve your mood, memory, and learning ability, as well as protect your brain cells against oxidative stress (4Trusted Source).
Lastly, kaempferol is found in saffron flower petals. This compound has been linked to health benefits, such as reduced inflammation, anticancer properties, and antidepressant activity (2Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source).
Summary Saffron is rich in plant compounds that act as antioxidants, such as crocin, crocetin, safranal, and kaempferol. Antioxidants help protect your cells against oxidative stress.
2. May Improve Mood and Treat Depressive Symptoms
Saffron is nicknamed the “sunshine spice.”
That’s not just due to its distinct color, but also because it may help brighten your mood.
In a review of five studies, saffron supplements were significantly more effective than placebos at treating symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression (6Trusted Source).
Other studies found that taking 30 mg of saffron daily was just as effective as Fluoxetine, Imipramine, and Citalopram — conventional treatments for depression. Additionally, fewer people experienced side effects from saffron compared to other treatments (7Trusted Source, 8Trusted Source, 9Trusted Source).
What’s more, both the saffron petals and thread-like stigma appear to be effective against mild-to-moderate depression (1Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source).
While these findings are promising, longer human studies with more participants are needed before saffron can be recommended as a treatment for depression.
Summary Saffron may help treat symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression,.
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3. May Have Cancer-Fighting Properties
Saffron is high in antioxidants, which help neutralize harmful free radicals. Free radical damage has been linked to chronic diseases, such as cancer (11Trusted Source).
In test-tube studies, saffron and its compounds have been shown to selectively kill colon cancer cells or suppress their growth, while leaving normal cells unharmed (12Trusted Source).
This effect also applies to skin, bone marrow, prostate, lung, breast, cervix, and several other cancer cells (13Trusted Source).
What’s more, test-tube studies have found that crocin — the main antioxidant in saffron — may make cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy drugs (14Trusted Source).
While these findings from test-tube studies are promising, the anticancer effects of saffron are poorly studied in humans, and more research is needed.
Summary Saffron is high in antioxidants, which may help kill cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. However, more human research is needed.
4. May Reduce PMS Symptoms
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a term that describes physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms occurring before the start of a menstrual period.
Studies show that saffron may help treat PMS symptoms.
In women 20–45 years of age, taking 30 mg of saffron daily was more effective than a placebo at treating PMS symptoms, such as irritability, headaches, cravings, and pain (15Trusted Source).
Another study found that simply smelling saffron for 20 minutes helped reduce PMS symptoms like anxiety and lowered levels of the stress hormone cortisol (16Trusted Source).
Summary Both eating and smelling saffron appears to help treat PMS symptoms, such as irritability, headaches, cravings, pain, and anxiety.
Aphrodisiacs are foods or supplements that help boost your libido.
Studies have shown that saffron may have aphrodisiac properties — especially in people taking antidepressants.
For instance, taking 30 mg of saffron daily over four weeks significantly improved erectile function over a placebo in men with antidepressant-related erectile dysfunction (17Trusted Source).
Additionally, an analysis of six studies showed that taking saffron significantly improved erectile function, libido, and overall satisfaction but not semen characteristics (18Trusted Source).
In women with low sexual desire due to taking antidepressants, 30 mg of saffron daily over four weeks reduced sex-related pain and increased sexual desire and lubrication, compared to a placebo (19Trusted Source).
Summary Saffron may have aphrodisiac properties for both men and women and may especially help those taking antidepressants.
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6. May Reduce Appetite and Aid Weight Loss
Snacking is a common habit that may put you at risk of gaining unwanted weight.
According to research, saffron may help prevent snacking by curbing your appetite.
In one eight-week study, women taking saffron supplements felt significantly more full, snacked less frequently, and lost significantly more weight than women in the placebo group (20Trusted Source).
In another eight-week study, taking a saffron extract supplement helped significantly reduce appetite, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and total fat mass (3Trusted Source).
However, scientists are unsure how saffron curbs appetite and aids weight loss. One theory is that saffron elevates your mood, which in turn reduces your desire to snack (20Trusted Source).
Summary Saffron has been shown to reduce snacking and curb your appetite. In turn, these behaviors may help you lose weight.
7–10. Other Potential Health Benefits
Saffron has been linked to other health benefits that have not yet been extensively studied:
May reduce heart disease risk factors: Animal and test-tube studies indicate that saffron’s antioxidant properties may lower blood cholesterol and prevent blood vessels and arteries from clogging (21Trusted Source, 22Trusted Source, 23Trusted Source).
May improve eyesight in adults with age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Saffron appears to improve eyesight in adults with AMD and protect against free radical damage, which is linked to AMD (26Trusted Source, 27Trusted Source, 28Trusted Source).
May improve memory in adults with Alzheimer’s disease: Saffron’s antioxidant properties may improve cognition in adults with Alzheimer’s disease (29Trusted Source).
Summary Saffron has been linked to several other potential health benefits, such as improved heart disease risk, blood sugar levels, eyesight, and memory. However, more studies are needed to draw stronger conclusions.
11. Easy to Add to Your Diet
In small doses, saffron has a subtle taste and aroma and pairs well with savory dishes, such as paella, risottos, and other rice dishes.
The best way to draw out saffron’s unique flavor is to soak the threads in hot — but not boiling — water. Add the threads and the liquid to your recipe to achieve a deeper, richer flavor.
Saffron is readily available at most specialty markets and can be purchased as threads or in powdered form. However, it’s best to buy the threads, as they give you more versatility and are less likely to be adulterated.
Though saffron is the most expensive spice in the world, a small amount goes a long way, and you often won’t need more than a pinch in your recipes. In fact, using too much saffron can give your recipes an overpowering medicinal taste.
In addition, saffron is available in supplement form.
Summary Saffron has a subtle taste and aroma, which makes it easy to add to your diet. It pairs well with savory dishes and should be soaked in hot water to give a deeper flavor. Alternatively, you can purchase saffron in supplement form to reap its benefits.
Risks, Precautions, and Dosage
Saffron is generally safe with little to no side effects.
In standard cooking amounts, saffron does not appear to cause adverse effects in humans.
As with any supplement, speak to your doctor before taking saffron in supplement form.
Another issue with saffron — especially saffron powder — is that it may be adulterated with other ingredients, such as beet, red-dyed silk fibers, turmeric, and paprika. Adulteration cuts cost for manufacturers, as real saffron is expensive to harvest (33Trusted Source).
Therefore, it’s important to purchase saffron from a reputable brand to ensure you get an authentic product. If the saffron appears too cheap, its best to avoid it.
In normal doses, saffron is generally safe with little to no side effects. Make sure to purchase saffron from a reputable brand or store to avoid an adulterated product.
It has been linked to health benefits, such as improved mood, libido, and sexual function, as well as reduced PMS symptoms and enhanced weight loss.
Best of all, it’s generally safe for most people and easy to add to your diet. Try incorporating saffron into your favorite dishes to take advantage of its potential health benefits or purchase a supplement online.
Senna is an herbal medicine made from the leaves, flowers, and fruit of a large group of flowering plants in the legume family (1Trusted Source).
Extracts and teas made from senna plants have long been used as laxatives and stimulants in traditional herbal medicine (1Trusted Source).
Originally from Egypt, senna is now grown worldwide, including countries like India and Somalia.
Most commercial products are derived from Cassia acutifolia or Cassia angustifolio, commonly known as Alexandrian and Indian senna, respectively (1Trusted Source).
Today, senna is most often sold as a tea or over-the-counter constipation supplement, but it’s also occasionally used in weight loss pills and drinks.
SUMMARY
Senna is an herb in the legume family that’s often used as a laxative. Additionally, it’s sometimes added to weight loss supplements.
The most common application for senna tea is to stimulate bowel movements and alleviate constipation.
The primary active compounds in senna leaves are known as senna glycosides, or sennosides. Sennosides cannot be absorbed in your digestive tract, but they can be broken down by your gut bacteria (1Trusted Source).
This breakdown of sennosides mildly irritates the cells in your colon, an effect that stimulates intestinal movement and produces a laxative effect.
Senna is an active ingredient in many popular over-the-counter laxative medications, such as Ex-Lax and Nature’s Remedy. For most people, it will stimulate a bowel movement within 6–12 hours (2).
Some people may also use senna tea to relieve discomfort associated with hemorrhoids.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins and tissues in the lower rectum that can cause bleeding, pain, and itching. Chronic constipation is a major cause, and minor bouts of constipation can irritate preexisting hemorrhoids (4Trusted Source).
However, senna’s efficacy for relieving hemorrhoid symptoms has not been thoroughly studied.SUMMARY
Senna is primarily used to alleviate constipation, but some people may also use it to prepare for colonoscopies and manage hemorrhoid symptoms.
Senna is increasingly included in herbal teas and supplements that claim to boost metabolism and promote weight loss. These products are often referred to as “skinny teas” or “teatoxes.”
Yet, no scientific evidence supports using senna tea for any detox, cleanse, or weight loss routine.
In fact, using senna tea in this manner may be very dangerous.
Senna is not recommended for frequent or long-term use, as it may alter normal bowel tissue function and cause laxative dependence (2).
What’s more, a recent study in over 10,000 women found that those who used laxatives for weight loss were 6 times likelier to develop an eating disorder (5Trusted Source).
Senna is frequently marketed as a weight loss tool, but there’s no evidence to support this effect. Due to its long-term health risks, you should not use senna to lose weight.
Senna tea is generally considered safe for most adults and children over age 12. Nonetheless, it comes with several risks and side effects.
The most common side effects are stomach cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. However, these symptoms are usually mild and tend to resolve relatively quickly (2).
Some people also experience allergic reactions to senna. If you’ve ever had a reaction to a product that contains senna, you should avoid senna tea (6).
Senna is meant to serve as a short-term constipation remedy. You shouldn’t use it for more than 7 consecutive days unless otherwise directed by your healthcare provider (2).
Long-term senna tea intake may lead to laxative dependence, electrolyte disturbances, and liver damage.
Furthermore, senna may negatively interact with certain types of medications, such as (6):
Senna is not generally recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding (6).
Common senna tea side effects include stomach cramps, diarrhea, and nausea. More serious side effects, such as liver damage, may occur from long-term use.
A typical dose of a senna-based supplement is 15–30 mg per day for no longer than 1 week (1Trusted Source).
However, there’s no clear dosing recommendation for senna tea.
It’s considerably more difficult to determine a precise dose because the concentration of sennosides varies dramatically depending on how long your tea steeps.
What’s more, many commercial senna teas, especially those that contain a blend of herbs, don’t state the exact amount of senna leaves used.
In this case, the safest approach is to follow the package instructions for preparation and consumption. Never take more than directed on the label.
SUMMARY
Although no clear guidelines exist for senna tea dosage, you shouldn’t take more than directed on the package.
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Senna tea is often described as having a mild, sweet, and slightly bitter flavor. Unlike many other herbal teas, it isn’t particularly aromatic on its own.
However, many commercial teas combine senna with other herbs that can alter the final aroma and flavor.
If you’re using tea bags or a blend, follow the package instructions.
While some people claim that it promotes weight loss, you shouldn’t use it in any weight loss detox or cleanse. Doing so could lead to laxative dependence, liver damage, and other serious health issues.
Senna tea may cause short-term stomach cramps and diarrhea. To minimize your risk of negative effects, you shouldn’t drink it for longer than 7 days in a row.
theriac venetian (theriac) (a mixture of many herbs and other substances)
During Medieval times, white turmeric was appreciated in the spice trade because people thought that its aroma was a combination of mango, turmeric, and ginger. The plant is also stated in Roman de la Rose’s 13th century poem, and was extolled by Nicolas Culpeper, a 17th century herbalist, for its ability to fight poison, expel wind, stay vomiting, stop the menses and fluxing, kill worms, and help the colic.WHITE TURMERIC IMAGE GALLERYWhite-Turmeric–Amb-haladWhite-Turmeric–Beli-isiotWhite-Turmeric–Curcuma-zédoaire White-Turmeric–GadwârWhite-Turmeric–GajutsuWhite-Turmeric–Gandamatsi White-Turmeric—KrachuraWhite-Turmeric–SetwallWhite-Turmeric–Sutha White-turmeric–ZedoarwortelWhite-Turmeric–ZedoaryWhite-Turmeric–Zedoary-turmeric
White Turmeric is very good for our bodies. White turmeric has a wide range of chemical constituents that include tianin, starch, curcumin, essential oil, sugar, saponins, resins, flavonoids, until the toxic protein that has the capability to prevent cancer cell growth. The presence of so many important ingredients is what that made turmeric supplements so much popular among the masses. Listed below are few of the health benefits of using white turmeric in your daily life
1. Digestive Aid
For millennia, white turmeric has been used to treat digestive problems, mostly in the gastrointestinal tract. The herb’s essential oil and the herb itself are beneficial in the treatment of colic, indigestion, spasms, loss of appetite, infestation of worms, flatulence, irregular bowel movement, and tastelessness. It is also a natural aid in preventing stress-related ulceration.
2. Respiratory Problems
In Ayurveda, an excess of kapha dosha is due to fluids like phlegm and mucus building up in the lungs and other areas of the body. Phlegm and mucus block the nasal passages and lead to breathing difficulties and respiratory disorders like cold, asthma, and cough.
3. Relieves Inflammation and Pain
White turmeric is an anti-inflammatory agent that helps to treat inflammation, wounds, and other skin ailments. It was used in Indonesian folk medicine to treat inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis). It was also utilized to protect asthmatic patients’ lungs by limitation inflammatory mediators’ release during short-term therapy.
The diuretic properties of zedoary support the elimination of the body’s toxic substances and excess fluids, particularly in the joints. If there is no detoxification, it may lead to inflammation and pain in cases of arthritis and rheumatism. White turmeric also reduces the body’s temperature during fever by purging infectious microbes and promoting sweat. “White Turmeric is an excellent natural anti-inflammatory plant and is often used by golfers looking to naturally decrease their knee pain. Combined with proper strengthening and conditioning of the knee, this product is highly effective”. Kristopher Explains from the website Knee Force.
4. Antimicrobial activity
Extracts of tubers show potent anti-microbial activity against E.coli, S.aureus, Cornyebacterium species, Candida sp, Aspergillus sp. etc.
Research found that anti-microbial action of C. zedoaria was as powerful as that of commercial mouth rinses in inhibiting growth of oral pathogens.
zedoaria’s anti-fungal activity is effective in terminating growth of drug resistant fungal species. It also prevents growth of amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica and also exerts larvicidal effect against mosquitoes.
5. Anti-inflammatory and painkiller property
Curcumenol, a compound obtained from this rhizome, shows painkiller activity better than aspirin. Extracts of the rhizome are proven to have painkiller activity in model of abdominal spasms and compounds- curcumenol and dihydrocurdione contribute to its analgesic activity.
6. Anti-allergic activity
Oils of Curcuma zedoaria have moderate to good antioxidant activity; they search free radicals and chelate heavy metal ions. Curcuminoids present in extracts of Curcuma zedoaria exert anti-allergic activity and are found to be therapeutic in skin related allergic reactions. Curcumin shows the highest anti-allergen activity and this is mediated by inhibiting activity of inflammatory proteins and preventing release of chemicals that initiate allergic reactions.
7. Antibacterial and antifungal
Turmeric is believed to reduce the amount of microbes in the mouth with the same results with mouthwash products on the market. In addition, extracts from white turmeric are also believed to inhibit fungal activity in the human body.
8. Antinyeri medicine
White turmeric was believed to be used as an analgesic or medicine to relieve pain. However, this analgesic effect depends on how many doses you use.
9. Ulcer medicine
Flour from the root of white turmeric is thought to reduce the amount and acidity of the stomach fluid so it can be used as a tukak medicine. These benefits still require clinical research in humans.
10. Anti-toxic
White turmeric extract can also be an antidote or a snake bidder. This can happen because white turmeric can inhibit the activity of snake venom.
11. Anti-cancer
White turmeric is believed to play an important role in the inhibition of cancer metastases or the spread of cancer from an organ to other organs. But, its effectiveness to overcome cancer still requires further research.
Antioxidants Essential oils of white turmeric are supposed to reduce the impact of certain free radicals.
White turmeric is also believed to be beneficial for the treatment of symptoms of arthritis, asthma, anti-rheumatism, and diuretic medications.
12. Lowering blood sugar levels
Eating white turmeric is believed to lower blood sugar levels. However, both still need medical research to prove it.
13. Drugs for women
White turmeric is suspected to treat female complaints like leucorrhea, relieve pain during menstruation, and menstruation expedite. However, this has not been medically proven and still needs further research.
How to use white turmeric, Curcuma zedoaria?
Curcuma zedoaria is used as an herb in traditional medicine. Not much data is available on the dosage but around 1-4 g of dried roots is safe. However these roots are bitter to taste.
In India fresh roots are used directly in dishes and pickles. The powder is used as a thickener in many dishes. In Indonesia dried roots are used or dried powder is obtained and used subsequently in dishes.
The paste of the rhizome is applied externally for pain. Essential oil is used in aromatherapy as well as digestive aid.
A clinical trial investigating the effect of C. zedoaria herbal tea has found that dose of 500mg to 1.5g of zedoaria root dry powder safe to consume over a period of 2 months.
Traditional uses and benefits of White Turmeric
It is used traditionally for the treatment of menstrual disorders, dyspepsia, vomiting and for cancer.
Rural people use the rhizome for its rubefacient, carminative, expectorant, demulcent, diuretic and stimulant properties.
Root is used in the treatment of flatulence, dyspepsia, cold, cough and fever.
It can inhibit cancer cell growth.
It can narrow female organs.
It may help treat itching of the female.
It can strengthen lust.
It is useful as antipyretics (fever).
It is used to treat pain shortness of breath (asthma).
White turmeric is used to treat inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract (bronchitis).
It may be useful as an antitoxin (antidote).
It can help reduce abdominal fat.
Culinary Uses
In Thai cuisine it is used raw and cut in thin strips in certain Thai salads.
It can also be served cut into thin slices together with other herbs and vegetables with certain types of nam phrik.
In Indian cuisine fresh white turmeric is also used as an ingredient to popular dishes.
White Turmeric Facts
White turmeric is the underground stem (rhizome) of the tropical plant Curcuma zedoaria in the ginger family. Quite rare in the west, white turmeric is used in Thai, Indonesian and Indian cuisines. It possesses quite a long list of herbal remedies; maybe because its high levels of antioxidants. With very light yellow-cream flesh and a unique pungent and sharp tasting with some fruit-sweetness. It is eaten fresh as a delicacy in salads, accompanies chili relishes or even cooked in curries.
Name
White Turmeric
Scientific Name
Curcuma Zedoaria Rosc
Native
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and India
Common Names
White turmeric, zedoaria or gajutsu, zedoary, kentjur, Amba Haldi
Name in Other Languages
anskrit: Krachura, Sati, Shati Hindi: Gandamatsi Bengali: Sutha Arabic: Gadwâr, Satwâl, Zadwâr. Bosnian: Beli isiot, Isiot, Setvar. Chinese: E zhu, E shu, Yu jin (Medicinal name). Crotian: Beli isiot, Isiot, Setvar, Bijeli isiot, Czech: Kurkumovník zedoárový, Zedoár, Zedoárie, Zedoárové koření Danish: Zedoar. Dutch: Zedoar, Zedoarwortel, Maagwortel English: Setwall, White turmeric, Zedoary turmeric, Zedoary. French: Curcuma zédoaire, Gingembre bâtard, Zédoaire, Rhizome de Zédoaire, German: Zedoarwurzel, Zitwer, Zittwer Kurkume. Hindi: Kachur, Amb halad, Gandhmul, kachura (कचुरा) Hungarian: Citvor, Fehér kurkuma, Zedoária-gyökér Italian: Radice di curcuma, Zedoaria, Zedoaria lunga. Indonesian: Kunir putih, kentjur Japanese: Gajutsu, Gajutsu( ガジュツ) Kannada: Kachora, kacora, Kacōra (ಕಚೋರ) Korean: A-cul, Achul, bong-cul, ga-jyu-ceu, Kajyuchu, keo-kyu-meo je-do, Keokyumeo jedo, Kokyumo jedo, Pongchul, gajyucheu (가쥬츠), bongchul (봉출), achul (아출), keokyumeo jedo (커큐머 제도) Laotian: Khi min khay. Malay: Temu kuning, Temu puteh, Temu putih (Indonesia). Nepalese: Kacur, Van haledo. Portuguese: Zedoária. Russian: Kurkuma zedoarskaia (Куркума зедоарская ), Zedoari, Zedoarij, Zedoariy (Зедоарий) Serbian: Beli isiot, Isiot, Setval. Spanish: Cedoaria, Cetoal. Slovak: Zedoár Slovenian: Isiot Spanish: Cedoaria Swedish: Zittverrot Thai: Haeo dam (Chiang Mai), Kha mîn oi (Central Thailand), Kha mîn khuen (Northern Thailand), Kha min hawkuen, Kha min khao, Khamin khun, khamin oi, K̄hmînh̄ạwk̄hụ̂n (ขมิ้นหัวขึ้น), K̄hmînx̂xy (ขมิ้นอ้อย) Turkish: Çevdar, Gulpa hamar Ukrainian: Kurkuma zedoarskaya, Kurkuma zedoarskaâ, Kurkuma zedoarskaya (Куркума зедоарская) Vietnamese: Bông truât, Ngái tim, Nga truât, Tam nai, Nga truật, Nghe den, Nghệ đen
Plant Growth Habit
Herbaceous and rhizomatous perennial plant
Growing Climate
Tropical and subtropical wet forest regions
Plant Size
1.2 m in height
Flower
Yellow flowers with red and green bracts
Rhizome Shape & Size
Large and tuberous with many branches.
Rhizome Color
Brown skin
Flesh Color
Creamy color to light yellow
Flavor/Aroma
Warm and ginger-like, slightly camphorous, with a bitter aftertaste.
Taste
Bitter taste
Plant Parts Used
Roots, oil, and leaves
Health Benefits
Drugs for womenLowering blood sugar levelsAnti-cancerAnti-toxicUlcer medicineAntinyeri medicineAntibacterial and antifungalAnti-allergic activityAnti-inflammatory and painkiller propertyAntimicrobial activityRelieves Inflammation and PainRespiratory ProblemsDigestive Aid
Traditional Medicinal Use
It may increase appetite.It may be useful as a laxative (laxative).It can be used as an antioxidant.It is beneficial to treat fever, colds, bloating, etc.It purifies blood and acts as a body stimulant.It treats respiratory disorders, acts as an aphrodisiac, and tones up the uterus.It is used to treat urinary tract infections and urine-related disorders.In its powdered form, it helps regulate menstruation.It helps to normalizes body temperature, improves liver condition, and improves digestion.It is used to prevent stress ulceration and acts as a gastro-intestinal stimulant in flatulent colic.It helps treat cough, vomiting, colic, and dyspepsia.It is used to make cosmetics, perfumes, bitters, stomach essences, and liquors.It is used as anti-venom for Indian Cobra bites.
Culinary Uses
In Indonesia, it is ground to a powder and added to curry pastes.In India, it tends to be used fresh or in pickling.
Other Facts
The essential oil produced from the dried roots of Curcuma zedoaria is used in perfumery and soap fabrication, as well as an ingredient in bitter tonics.Zedoary roots were extensively exported to Europe where the oil was extracted by steam distillation and used to provide fragrance to perfumes, soaps, oils etc.
Precautions
Pregnant and nursing women are advised to avoid it.Women suffering from heavy menstrual cycles are advised not to use white turmeric.Individuals taking blood thinning medications and blood pressure medicines should consult a health practitioner before taking C.zedoaria.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Celandine. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Updated 22 Jan 2017.
Prevent, don’t harass means: takepreventative measures that keep pathogens at bay without harming your body or your immune system.
That starts with being informed1, so you can take the right steps.
Prevention is also being prepared and having a plan. So start with the support don’t suppress, and nourish, don’t tease protocols even if you are not infected, so you have the healthy habits that can save your life before your life depends on it.
Support, don’t suppress.
Not all symptoms are the disease.Many symptoms are the action your immune system is taking to fight off the disease and keep it from invading your organs.
If you suppress those symptoms without aiding the body in its fight against the disease, you are actually sabotaging your body’s attempts to become and stay healthy.
It is far better to support the body’s efforts to rid itself of the disease, and do what you need to do to stay comfortable.
The immune system is suppressed by stress.
This is a schematic representation of Presuns:
A pleasant effect is that whatever you do to support the immune system also gives huge relief and feels much better than the pharmaceuticals that suppress it.
When you are kind to your body, it says thank you.
Use toxin free products for everything. The e4dc 23shows how you can make them yourself.
Nourish,don’t tease.
Staying well nourished is key to staying healthy.
Your body lets you know when it needs food or drink by being hungry and thirsty. At those moments, choose healthy, non-toxic, nutrient rich foods and healthy drinks that nourish your body instead of empty calories which take the hunger away, but deplete your body instead of nourishing it, or sugary, toxic drinks that may take the thirst away, but are a burden for your body to process.
The goal is to work with the immune system, not against it.
Our immune system is a genius, which we have not quite figured out yet. And what do you do with geniuses? You let them guide you. You assist them if they need you, but you don’t get in their way. You follow their cues, you don’t force your ways on them.
Use the presuns criteria to evaluate any medicine or diet.
Does a preventative measure have the very symptoms you are trying to heal as a side effect? Or does it harm the very system your body has in place to protect itself?
Then you are not preventing anything. You are merely harassing your body.
It is better to do nothing than to hurt your body.
I thought doctors all took an oath saying: “first do no harm”, but that’s not the case.
Vets and biochemists do not take any oath, and they are the ones making “medicine.” which doctors are obligated to use.
Not what works mind you, no, what is approved, and it costs around $2.600.000.000,- to get a drug approved.12
As an example to what kind of absurd situations this leads, consider the case where people are warned against burdock root because you might confuse it with belladonna night shade, while burdock root is eaten as a vegetable in Japan. But the poisonous Belladonna Nightshade is used in medicine against abdominal bloating in people with irritable bowel syndrom.It has precisely that , and a host of other symptoms as expected as side effects! That is not preventing, that is harrassing.
So while we are being warned against healthy vegetables, poisons are being accepted as medicine.
What is the difference?
The difference is the price has been paid for them to be approved. It is not about whether they heal. It is about whether they have been paid for.
Or does a preventative measure break off your own defense system, as is the case when you use soap or alcohol to wash your hands? Vinegar and essential oils13clean your hands without harming the protective layer of your skin.
Medicine heals, it does not make you ill. If it makes you ill, it is not medicine, it is poison.
And a poison stays a poison, even in a syringe.
And even if something is not poisonous in your digestive system, it may well be poisonous in your blood, since your body is very careful with what it lets in the bloodstream.
Its not a case of that the body always filters out what is poisonous. When you dump things in the bloodstream that don’t belong there, the filtering systems put in place in the digestive system, the lymf system and the respiratory system are being bypassed, and the body needs to dump them somewhere to get rid of them.
That doesn’t always work out right. Depending on where we force the body to dump the toxins we so recklessly inject in it, it becomes cancer, diabetes, obesity, wherever the toxins are deposited so that the blood can stay as pure as it can from the junk we put in it. 14
4.f.1. The pattern to watch out for
It is often hard to imagine what kind of corruption15 is going on in the pharmaceutical industry. When you wonder about whether it is possible, check what the repercussions would be for the perpetrators if it were. If you see there are zero, consider that confirmation that yes, it is happening. And if you look a little harder, you will find they are actually making large profits with messing things up,16 you can be extra sure they know exactly what they are doing. And if they also have a philosophy17that has the so called undesired outcome of their business as a desired outcome, you are not a conspiracy thinker if you assume there is a plan behind it all.
So the pattern that should have all your alarm bells going off is:
Zero accountability to those harmed by destructive policies
That sets the stage for the following steps:
Whenever you see such patterns emerging, refuse to even buy a cauliflower from a company with such an immoral structure. Especially when it is backed with a philosophy which has the so called undesired outcome as a desired one.
Also watch out for any philosophy that sees the human body as fundamentally flawed. If it is fundamentally flawed, do they really think they can fix it with their toxins?19
Support don’t suppress is about determining what the problem is and depending on what is causing the symptome taking appropriate action.20 That can mean recognizing if there is a nutrient deficiencyor or overload, and solving that, or when you see the body is fighting a pathogen, coming alongside the body and aiding it in getting rid of the pathogens instead of sabotaging its attempts to. The body uses heat by increasing the temperature. We call that fever. It does so because viruses are often very sensitive to heat. So some hot olive leaf tea 21to drink and eucalyptus essential oil is a way of coming along side the body in ridding itself from a pathogen. A pill to suppress the fever is sabotaging it. The fever helps fight off the disease. As long as the fever does not reach over 105 Fahrenheit, or 40.5 Celsius. Help the body stay below 40.5 Celsius with a lukewarm bath or even ice or an ice bath when it gets too high. Take ice cold baths if you are too hot and can’t sweat to cool off because of loss of electrolytes22because of vomiting or diarrhea, and do your best to replenish it with elektrolytes.
And when you feel sick, take some lemon water to help your body pass what it wants to get rid of through the intestines instead of through the mouth. Just squeeze a lemon in some water and drink that. the nausea will pass.
And use every opportunity to nourish your body instead of teasing it. Any snack can be made healthily.
That’s where we come to the Nourish don’t tease element of presuns.
4.f.2.14 elements of a decent diet
A decent diet 23should have the following elements
To make it more specific you can think of the following elements, and asign the following points to them, 1 for each part of that element is fulfilled.
1. Why and What?100
2. How and When?:
a.natural,7
b. happy, 7
c.healthy, 8
d.toxin free. 8
Whatever element is present in the diet gets 1 point. Not present gets 0 points. Sabotaged gets -1 point.
For example, the Gerson Therapy27would get a point for eliminating toxins, but it gets a -1 for sabotaging the gut flora with its coffee 28enema’s. and another -1 for eliminating salt which has essential minerals.
So how does it work?
Here are the “whats” that a healthy diet needs, all from organic, whole foods and natural sources since that gives them the substances needed for optimal absorption as well as the proper circumstances to digest them properly
The “Why” is to provide your body with all the building blocks and to that in a way that it can benefit from them optimally in the right combinations , the right preparation and in the right circumstances.
It turns out that if you do what is optimally healthy for you, you are doing what is best for the environment as well, and not just because what comes in the environment ultimately effects everyone, yourself included.
The environmentally friendliest way is also objectively the healthiest for your body. Plants often have many compounds that aid in optimum absorption and effectiveness. When nutrients are isolated as in medicine, you lose out on the supporting elements. At best the nutrient becomes less effective. At worst it actually becomes toxic instead of beneficial.
So always use natural sources, also of pharmaceutical medicines. Reverse engineer them to the natural sources theyare derived from, and consume those instead. If the medicine is based on poisonous sources the medicine is poisonous too. Poisons don’t heal you.30
So what are the essentials that you need to survive?
This is the list you normally get:
Nutrients needed by the body and what they are used for:
Broken down into glucose, used to supply energy to cells. Extra is stored in the liver.
Protein
Legumes Nuts and seeds
Broken down into amino acids, used to build muscle and to make other proteins that are essential for the body to function.
Fat
Oils
Broken down into fatty acids to make cell linings and hormones. Extra is stored in fat cells.
Even the mayoclinic says:
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that carbohydrates make up 45 to 65 percent of your total daily calories. So, if you get 2,000 calories a day, between 900 and 1,300 calories should be from carbohydrates. That translates to between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrates a day.31
And here it says the same in the list given by Medical News today in 2019. It says:
The World Health Organization (WHO) note that essential nutrients are crucial in supporting a person’s reproduction, good health, and growth. The WHO divide these essential nutrients into two categories: micronutrients and macronutrients.
Micronutrients are nutrients that a person needs in small doses. Micronutrients consist of vitamins and minerals. Although the body only needs small amounts of them, a deficiency can cause ill health.
Macronutrients are nutrients that a person needs in larger amounts. Macronutrients include water, protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
According to medical News today The six essential nutrients are vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, water, and carbohydrates. 32
However Carbohydrates33 are just one of the sources of energy34, and an inferior one at that. While many foods that have carbohydrates have many essential nutrients, carbohydrates themselves are not an essential nutrient. They are not even on the current lisr of essential nutrients.
According to Eric C Westman, Associate Professor of Medicinein the Department of Medicine at Duke University,35 Carbohydrates should not be counted as an essential nutrient 36 In his argument he links to a study Harper AE. Defining the essentiality of nutrients. In: Shils MD, Olson JA, Shihe M, Ross AC, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 9th ed. Boston: William and Wilkins, 1999:3–1037
Personally, I would not say vitamin A, but Bèta Carotene40, since from that the body can make as much Vitamin A as it needs without danger of toxicity. I would also say UVB light instead of Vitamin D, since the body makes all the Vitamin D it needs from UV light from the sun,
3. H2O44Water can be taken in in many forms. There is water in fruit too. So you don’t have to drink it purely. Just drink when you are thirsty and eat when you are hungry.
10.antioxidants110(total of 14) a.Polyphenols111 a.1.Flavonoids. These account for around 60% of all polyphenols. Examples include a.1.1.quercetin,a.1.2..kaempferol,a.1.3. catechins(like EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate ) 112 and a.1.4.anthocyanins, which are found in foods like apples, onions, dark chocolate, and red cabbage. (4) a.b. Phenolic acids. This group accounts for around 30% of all polyphenols. Examples include a.b.1.stilbenes and a.b.2.lignans, which are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and seeds. And a.b.3. Hydrocinnamicacidapples, various berries, plums, cherries, some citrus fruits, and peaches are the major dietary sources of HCAs. Foods such as cereals, carrots, salad, eggplants, cabbage, and artichoke are also rich in these compounds (3)a.c.Polyphenolic amides. This category includesa.c.1. capsaicinoids in chili peppers and a.c.2. avenanthramides in oats.(2)a.d. Other polyphenols.This group includes d.1.resveratrol in raisins and red wine, d.2.ellagic acid in berries, d.3. curcumin in turmeric, and d.4. lignans in flax seeds, sesame seeds, and whole grains. e. phyrtic acid113(5)11.The prebioticsans probiotics114(2)12.antimicrobials115 and.anti-biofilms116(2)13. Exercise and Posture117(2)14..Comfort (roof over your head, clothes, furniture, cleanliness, the right temperature, enough sleep.118 leisure time, fun, hobbies)119(7) Total of 100
Then come the 28 “Hows”, with Naturally, Happily, Healthily, Toxin Free as a guideline.
Points 4 1nd 14 deal with your spiritual and emotional side. Humans are good for one another. We don’t just trade pathogens, we especially trade smiles and hugs that make oxytocin151, beneficial microbes, and even the occasional pathogens we might involuntarily bring along are actually training our immune system in the th1 way that gives life long immunity.152 Don’t panic but pray. Instead of worrying imagine the fairest, truest, wisest, kindest, healthiest solution for everything and pray for that to happen, while doing your part in making it happen. Like your immune system,your mind is a powerful tool in becoming and staying healthy!
And this is not just important at a personal scale, it is on a global scale, which is why the following chart is about conviction, since that is a major obstacle in curing and preventing disease.
How to use this list to determine if a diet is decent:
For each of these you give1 point.
If it is just missing, you give 0 points
If something is sabotaged because of diet, regime or behavioural requirements, it is -1
So the range is between 128 and -128
It is green when it has no minus points,
It is red when it has minus points, and the minuspoints should be indicated, so that you know what to correct if you want to do that diet anyway so you know where you need to correct it, and how.
4.f.3. Food combinations for optimal digestion
We can get all the nutrients from natural food sources. It is not just important to have them all, when and in which combinations you eat the nutrients you need is important as well.
Why is that? Why not just take supplements?
Because in nature the combinations for optimum absorption are often combined in the carrier of the nutrient. Thus rose hips, which have vitamin C, also have iron and copper which are important for its optimum absorption in our tissues.
And 100 elements for an optimum diet sounds intimidating, until you realize that natural foods are jampacked with nutrients and you get all of them with just a few nutrientss.
Quinoa, for instance, has all the amino acids, as does aloe vera gel.
A breakfast with a porridge from kefir and oatmeal and , some sunflower and flaxseeds, and some fruit will help you start your day with most all the essential nutrients.
And sauces we consider tasty, like vinegar, olive oil and salt with our salad actually help to optimally absorb the vitamin C.
So many of the traditional combinations aid in digestion.
Here are the links to some more combinations for optimum absorption and their natural sources:
And besides that, your body talks to you. What we call disease is often your body communicating a shortage or overload. Learn to understand it and you learn to eat and drink your way to optimal health:
Mixed meals, always combine carbohydrates with fats , vitamins and proteins, in any case never take carbohydrates without something else.
Smaller Meals
Introduce extra snacks in the morning and afternoon so that the time between meals is reduced and blood sugar has no chance to drop.
No refined sugar intake
4.f.4.Getting all the nutrients in is easier than you think.
It may seem like a daunting task to get all the nutrients in. But if you take a table spoon of aloe vera gel153a day, or every 2 days, or work that into a nice snack or meal, that’s all the amino acids right there, which means you have your proteins taken care of.
If you add a table spoon of nutritional yeast, you have all the B vitamins154taken care of.
Eat flaxseeds and sunflower seeds in the right balance for the alpha linlenic acid and the linoleic acid. Here you can read how. For the probiotics155, drink some milk kefir. That will take care of your vitamin K2 needs as well. Here156you can read how to make it. For your prebiotics157eat some fruits and leafy greens. For you Vitamin D,158 make sure to be outside every day around noon. Take a nice walk between 10 am and 2 pm. With the UV for D sun chart you can calcuate how long you have to be outside to get the recommended dose. Usually 12 minutes is enough. If you drink tea in the herb herb rotation schedule 159, you have your polyphenols 160down. Drink some carrot juice for the anti oxidants161down as well. Some cheese will take care of the anti biofilm162nutrients. The healthy fats are extra virgin olive oil and non- deodorized organic coconut oil.163 At first it may take some getting used to. But feeling better after each diet and care change you make is a great stimulant to keep it up. And after a while you get so used to it that you can feel exactly which nutrient you need.
And don’t worry about taking it slow. Just doing one change at a time has the advantage that you can feel wht it is doing to you, and tweak it to suit your needs. Always listen to your body, no matter how softly it whispers. Don’t make it shout before you listen. Listen and act at once. Cherish it, like you would do with a little baby. It is completely dependent on you and your choices. Make the right ones.
For some inspiration, you can check out the low carb diet here. 164
113Phytic acid is a natural plant antioxidant constituting 1-5% of most cereals, nuts, legumes, oil seeds, pollen and spores. By virtue of forming a unique iron chelate it suppresses iron-catalyzed oxidative reactions and may serve a potent antioxidant function in the preservation of seeds. By the same mechanism dietary phytic acid may lower the incidence of colonic cancer and protect against other inflammatory bowel diseases. Its addition to foods inhibits lipid peroxidation and concomitant oxidative spoilage, such as discoloration, putrefaction, and syneresis. A multitude of other industrial applications are based on the antioxidant function of phytic acid. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2182395/ , https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/phytic-acid-101#TOC_TITLE_HDR_7 ,
If there are really positive experiences with the two first substances, it seems to me that it fits seamlessly with the advice of this doctor (see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MON2YWDrS4 ) not to go on salt-free diets.
With that salt, cells can make what they need to protect the body. It’s poisonous. You don’t want to throw that into your body. Give your body the substances it needs to function optimally. Then you treat the body with respect. Not if you just randomly throw in the poisons it uses very specifically to fight specific diseases. That’s asking for trouble.
But there are more reasons not to go on low salt or salt free diets.
Lower salt intake is associated with a higher incidence of all cause mortality.
Lower salt intake also means less of the following hormonesL
The following chart shows a low salt diet results in 4 fold cardiac event rate compared to normal salt intake:
Low sodium intake is especially bad for people with heart problems.
From another perspective, this shows salt storage in the body
Storing salt is linked to hypertension and diabetes.
Salt intake is linked to water conservation, not excretion:
With more salt, the liver produces more urea.
That takes a lot of energy. the mice on a high salt diet ate 20 to 30% more/.
WHen the mice did not get more food when on the high salt diet, they lost weight.
They took the energy from muscle, not fat, because muscle has a lot of nitrogen, and that is what the lover uses to make urea.
How is it they produced more urine while hey drank less when they were on a high salt diet?
If you produce more water in your body, you drink less.
Don’t use eating more salt as a diet strategy. You lose muscle , not fat.
So based on the evidence, and let s face it, our taste buds, limiting your salt intake is not the best thing for you.! The device here seems again, eat as much as tastes good yo you, not too much, not too little, just right!
Which salt?
If you choose Himalaya salt you will need to add iodine to your diet. Here you see the best food sources for iodine.
Dutch:
Inderdaad, het gaat hier om drie verschillende stoffen:
Met dat zout kunnen cellen namelijk zelf datgene maken wat ze nofig hebben om het lichaam te beschermen. Het is giftig. Dat wil je niet in je lichaam gooien Geef je lichaam de stoffen die het nodig heeft om optimaal te functioneren. Dan ga je met respect met het lichaam om. Niet als je de giffen die het heel specifiek gebruikt om specifieke ziektes te bestrijden gewoon maar in het wilde weg erin gaat gooien. Dat is vragen om problemen.
This article is in progress. Come back to it later.
Introduction
Selenium is an important part of anti cancer diets. Dr. Johanna Budwig and Dr Emmanuel Revici used it to treat cancer, along with omega 3. But what is it exactly? These are the question that will be answered here:
A diet rich in selenium may help keep your heart healthy, as low selenium levels have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
In an analysis of 25 observational studies, a 50% increase in blood selenium levels was associated with a 24% reduction in the risk of heart disease (11Trusted Source).
This indicates that selenium may help lower heart disease risk by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in your body. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been linked to atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in arteries.
Atherosclerosis can lead to dangerous health problems like strokes, heart attacks, and heart disease (13Trusted Source).
One small study found that supplementing with one selenium-rich Brazil nut per day improved verbal fluency and other mental functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment (18).
What’s more, the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in high-selenium foods like seafood and nuts, has been associated with a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (19Trusted Source, 20).
Selenium plays an important role in the health of your immune system. This antioxidant helps lower oxidative stress in your body, which reduces inflammation and enhances immunity.
On the other hand, deficiency has been shown to harm immune cell function and may lead to a slower immune response (25Trusted Source).
Studies have also associated deficiency with an increased risk of death and disease progression in people with HIV, while supplements have been shown to lead to fewer hospitalizations and an improvement in symptoms for these patients (26Trusted Source).
Additionally, selenium supplements may help strengthen the immune system in people with influenza, tuberculosis, and hepatitis C (27Trusted Source).
While too little selenium can cause serious health problems, too much selenium can also be toxic. Follow these guidelines from the National Institutes of HealthTrusted Source to determine how much selenium is right for you:
Women who are pregnant or lactating need up to 60 mcg of selenium per day.
Brazil nuts are one of the best sources of selenium. One ounce, or about six to eight nuts, contains about 544 mcg. Make sure you only eat a serving of Brazil nuts a few times a week to avoid selenium toxicity.
One cup of cooked long-grain brown rice will provide you with 19 mcg of selenium, or 27 percent of the recommended daily amount. Enjoy this grain with your favorite 3 oz portion of chicken or turkey to get up to 50 mcg of selenium — almost the entire recommended daily amount for adults. You can also substitute rice for barley which provides 23mcg per 1/3 cup serving.
A quarter cup of sunflower seeds provides almost 19 mcg of selenium, making them a great snack, especially if you don’t eat animal products, which tend to have higher levels of selenium.
Dry roasted cashews offer 3 mcg per ounce. That may not seem like much, but every bit helps, especially if you follow a vegan diet. Snack on some dry roasted cashews and you’ll get a small amount of selenium, at 3 mcg per one ounce serving.
In fact, research shows that the type of fiber found in fruits and vegetables — a type known as viscous fiber — may be especially effective at reducing appetite .
Fiber also serves as food for the friendly bacteria living in your gut. When these bacteria feed on fiber, they produce short-chain fatty acids, which appear to further boost feelings of fullness .
Moreover, several studies have observed that fiber-rich diets tend to reduce hunger and, therefore, the number of calories consumed per day, potentially leading to weight loss .
D-limonene, a compound that gives lemon its characteristic aroma, is also found in the peel and may be responsible for many of this fruit’s health benefits.
What’s more, a review of 82 studies found that 1–2 grams of vitamin C per day reduces the severity and duration of the common cold by 8% in adults and 14% in children
Lemon peel contains flavonoids and vitamin C, which stimulate your body’s immune system to protect your health.
promotes heart health
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity are all risk factors for heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States (26Trusted Source).
Research sjows that compounds such as flavonoids, vitamin C, and pectin — the main fiber in lemon peel — reduces your risk.
The pectin in lemon peels reduces cholesterol levels by increasing the excretion of bile acids, which are produced by your liver and bind to cholesterol .
Soap and shampoo Don’t throw out your lemon peels after you’re done squeezing the juice out of the lemon. Save your lemon peels in a glas jar with filtered water by the shower. As part of a shower routine, where you start off with scrubbing your nails with soda, then washing skin and hair with vinegar, then using an eighth of a lemon peel to wash skin and hair before consuming it. Then finish off by using lavender flowers, a tablespoon in a sock. Stays fresh for a week, use a strainer to clean.
Lemon Vinegar: Instead of eating it, you can also make lemon vinegar for cleaning by throwing the lemon peels into a jar with white vinegar until it is full, then strain the vinegar and put it in a spray bottle for cleaning and toss the residue in the compost bin.
Does lemon peel have side effects?
There are no reported side effects of lemon peel. It’s recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Although animal studies link high doses of D-limonene to carcinogenic effects, this finding is irrelevant because humans lack the protein responsible for this association (37Trusted Source, 40Trusted Source).
Whether it concerns plants, animals or humans, Zinc is inversely related to Calcium.1 Hyper calcemia means Zinc deficiency2. Zinc is also important in immune function.3 Low Zinc means low immunity. Many of the Covid symptoms, like loss of taste and smell, line up perfectly with Zinc deficiency. 4More than enough reason to look at what the best Zinc sources are.
Zinc, part of the Vitamin D cluster, is an important mineral in fighting Covid,8 and many of the Covid remedies are Zinc ionophores.9
Zinc shortage can be caused by hypercalcemia10., which can be caused by oral Vitamin D11. Vitamin D from the sun never causes Vitamin D overload12, oral Vitamin D can13. Zinc shortage, compromises the immune system and causes loss of taste and smell.
Zinc Zn(2+)) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zincionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture.14
Zinc is an essential micro nutrient for human metabolism that catalyzes more than 100 enzymes, facilitates protein folding, and helps regulate gene expression.15
The following graph shows the difference between a Zinc Adequate and Zinc Deficient reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection.16
Image: Zinc Adequate (ZA) versus Zinc Deficient (ZD) reaction to SARS-CoV-217lSummary of complications that can be expected in patients with pre-existing zinc deficiency, when challenged by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). A patient with no co-morbidities and a balanced zinc homoeostasis will most likely develop no or mild symptoms or complications if infected with SARS-CoV-2 because immune cell numbers and functions are balanced, as are the other parameters listed in the Figure. However, zinc deficiency alone will result in the alterations indicated in the Figure. Preconditions resulting from zinc deficiency may result in the development of severe symptoms, critical illness and even death if the patient becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CNS, central nervous system; IFN, interferon; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TH, T helper cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; ZA, zinc adequate; ZD: zinc deficient.
According to Revici’s theory18, Zinc is strongly anabolic, which means it builds up the body.
Image: Zinc strongly anabolic according to Revici’s theory19
Omega-3-ALAand Omega-6-LAalso work as Zinc ionophores, with the extra advantage of repairing cell membranes and carrying Zinc to damaged cell membranes, as Dr. Revici explained.
Zinc Function
Zinc is an essential mineral forming a component of more than 300 enzymes in the body with functions including wound healing, immune system function, building proteins and DNA, fertility in adults and growth in children. Zinc is also needed for maintaining the senses of smell and taste.20
The essentiality of zinc in humans was established in 1963.
During the past 50 years tremendous advances in both clinical and basic sciences of zinc metabolism in humans have been observed.
In 1963, we knew of only 3 enzymes that required zinc for their activities, but now we know of >300 enzymes and >1000 transcription factors that are known to require zinc for their activities.21
Zinc is a second messenger of immune cells, and intracellular free zinc in these cells participate in signaling events.
Zinc not only modulates cell-mediated immunity but is also an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.22
Zinc is an essential mineral that is required for normal skeletal growth and bone homeostasis. Furthermore, zinc promotes bone regeneration.23
Health benefits
Zinc has been very successfully used as a therapeutic modality for the management of acute diarrhea in children, Wilson’s disease, the common cold and for the prevention of blindness in patients with age-related dry type of macular degeneration and is very effective in decreasing the incidence of infection in the elderly.
A deficiency in zinc can lead to loss of the senses of smell and taste, stunted growth, diarrhea, impotence, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, and depressed immunity.24
Conditioned deficiency of zinc has been observed in patients with malabsorption syndrome, liver disease, chronic renal disease, sickle cell disease, and other chronic illnesses.
Major clinical problems resulting from zinc deficiency in humans include growth retardation; cell-mediated immune dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.
Conversely, consuming too much zinc can lead to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and headaches in the short term, and can disrupt the absorption of copper and iron in the long term.
Gouda: 10% DV= 0,11 mg in 1oz – 28 gram of Gouda =0,39 mg per 100 gram
Aloe Vera gel34 also has zinc35, and Aloe Vera gel has SARS-CoV-2 fighting properties as well36.
Food sources Zinc
Zinc food sources: 37Cocoa, Aloe Vera, Chick Peas, White Beans, Hemp Seeds, Pumpkin Seeds, Black Eyed Peas, Black Beans, Navy Beans, Peas, Pine Nuts, Cashews, Chia Seeds, Pecan Nuts, Sunflower Seeds, Cooked Spinach, Lima Beans, Flax Seeds, Swiss Cheese, Parmesan Cheese, Brazil Nuts, Walnuts, Almonds, Hazelnuts, Oatmeal
Be sure to combine Zinc with the Zinc ionophores to get the maximun benefit. See chapter 7.6.
7.6. Zinc ionophores: a. Quinine, b. Quercetin, c. EGCGand d. Clioquinol
Zinc was already mentioned in 7.5.9
Zinc food sources: 38Cocoa, Aloe Vera, Chick Peas, White Beans, Hemp Seeds, Pumpkin Seeds, Black Eyed Peas, Black Beans, Navy Beans, Peas, Pine Nuts, Cashews, Chia Seeds, Pecan Nuts, Sunflower Seeds, Cooked Spinach, Lima Beans, Flax Seeds, Swiss Cheese, Parmesan Cheese, Brazil Nuts, Walnuts, Almonds, Hazelnuts, Oatmeal
Be sure to combine it with Zinc ionophores for maximum effect.
Ionophores are a class of compounds that form complexes with specific ions and facilitate their transport across cell membranes. An ionophore typically has a hydrophilic pocket (or hole) that forms a binding site specific for a particular ion39.
Hydroxychoroquine acts as an ionophore 40for zinc, helping it to cross the cell membrane41.
Image: Zinc passing through the lipid membrane of cell with the help of ionophores.42
If hydroxychloroquine / chloroquine in vitro could stop the virus, was this because the medications act as zinc ionophores? If so, its begs the question, “Do other zinc ionophores do the same thing43?” That was examined in a study called: Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model, that was published on PubMed, July 31, 2014.44
The figure below shows the effect of QCT (Which is Quercetin), EGCG, and CQ (clioquinol) on the uptake of zinc cations by liposomes. Zinc-dependent fluorescence emission of FluoZin-3 encapsulated within liposomes treated with zinc cations, polyphenols, and CQ.
Image: Zinc Ionophore strength comparison:45 Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model. Effect of QCT, EGCG, and CQ on the uptake of zinc cations by liposomes. Zinc-dependent fluorescence emission of FluoZin-3 encapsulated within liposomes treated with zinc cations, polyphenols, and CQ. The fluorescence emission (λex = 494 nm; λ em = 516 nm) of purified FluoZin-3-loaded liposomes was recorded continuously. Background fluorescence (0−15 min) was negligible (I). Upon the addition of 10 μM ZnCl2 to the liposomal suspensions (II), a small fluorescence signal was detected, presumably due to the presence of trace amounts of unencapsulated FluoZin-3 in the liposomal solutions. At time point 30 min, 10 μM quercetin (QCT10), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG10), clioquinol (CQ10), or vehicle (control, final 0.1% DMSO) were added to the liposomal solutions, and the fluorescence was monitored for one additional hour (III).46
Walnuts have quinineand Zinc, along with having many other benefits. Grapefruitalso contains Quinine, as does the bark of the cinchona tree.50
Quinine is known as a serious poison, but small quantities are recognized as therapeutic.
The advice is to take 300 mg a day. Tonic water contains no more than 83 mg of quinine per liter—a much lower concentration than the 500 to 1,000 mg in the therapeutic dose of quinine tablets.51
And the amount in walnuts and grapefruit is still lower.
Quercetin (C15H10O7) is a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, which has unique biological properties that may improve mental/physical performance and reduce infection risk. These properties form the basis for potential benefits to overall health and disease resistance, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and psychostimulant activities, as well as the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability, and to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis
Quercetins are naturally occurring flavonoids. These flavonoids are found in a variety of foods, including vegetables such as onions, garlic, brassica, mustard greens, and ginger; fruit such as apples, berries, and grapes; and many seeds, nuts, flowers bark and tea leaves56
A 2015 study found that that Quercetin shows inhibitory activity in the early stages of a wide range of influenza viruses, including H1N1 and H5N1. Although influenza is not in the same family of viruses as the coronavirus, it’s plausible that a similar mechanism could apply here. There is actually some evidence that Quercetin has already proven effective at treating Ebola and Zika viruses58.
Quercetin-type flavonols59 (primarily as quercetin glycosides), the most abundant of the flavonoid molecules, are widely distributed in plants.
They are found in a variety of foods including apples, berries, Brassica vegetables, capers, grapes, onions, shallots, tea, and tomatoes, as well as many seeds, nuts, flowers, barks, and leaves.
Quercetin is also found in medicinal botanicals, including Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, and Sambucus canadensis.
In red onions, higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration.
One study found that organically grown tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than chemically grown fruit.
Quercetin is present in various kinds of honey from different plant sources.
Food-based sources of quercetin include vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, beverages and other products of plant origin.
In the determined food, the highest concentration is 234 mg/100 g of edible portion in capers (raw), the lowest concentration is 2 mg/100 g of edible portion in black or green tea (Camellia sinensis) 60.
Dietary intake of quercetin was different in several countries. The estimated flavonoid intake ranges from 50 to 800 mg/day (quercetin accounts for 75%), mostly depending on the consumption of fruits and vegetables and the intake of tea61. Foods that commonly contain quercetin include onions, apples, grapes, berries, broccoli, citrus fruits, cherries, tea, and capers
The concentrations of flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin) were determined in 22 plant materials (9 vegetables, 5 fruits, and 8 medicinal plant organs). The materials were extracted with acidified methanol (methanol/HCl, 100:1, v/v) and analyzed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) with UV detection. The total flavonols contents varied significantly (P<0.05) among vegetables, fruits and medicinal plant organs ranged from 0 to 1720.5, 459.9 to 3575.4, and 2.42 to 6125.6mgkg(-1) of dry matter, respectively. Among vegetables, spinach and cauliflower exhibited the highest amounts of flavonols (1720.5 and 1603.9mgkg(-1), respectively), however, no flavonols were detected in garlic. Within fruits, highest level of flavonols was observed in strawberry (3575.4mgkg(-1)), whereas, the lowest in apple fruit (459.9mgkg(-1)). Of the medicinal plant organs, moringa and aloe vera leaves contained the highest contents of flavonols (6125.6 and 1636.04mgkg(-1)), respectively, whereas, lowest was present in barks (2.42-274.07mgkg(-1)). Overall, leafy green vegetables, soft fruits and medicinal plant leaves exhibited higher levels of flavonols.63
Aloe Vera has Zinc as well as the Zinc ionophore quercetin74.
Image:Quercetin food sources75: Capers, Elderberries. Dille, Aloe Vera, Cilantro, Onions, Cranberries, Red Lettuce, Red Onions, Asparagus, Kale, Red Bell Peppers, Romaine Lettuce, Green Bell Peppers, Lingonberries, Cocoa.
Some beverages are also sources of quercetin. These include orange juice, tomato juice and various teas and wine.
Quercetin is better absorbed in the body with the help of Vitamin C.76
7.6.c. Clioquinol is a Quinoline Compound
Clioquinol is the strongest Zinc ionophore, even stronger than EGCG.
Studies show quinoline is powerful in combating SARS-CoV-2.77
Clioquinol is a quinoline compoundthat has antibacterial and anti fungal properties. It is found in topical preparations to treat skin infections such as infected eczema, athlete’s foot and other fungal infections.78
Quinoline compounds play an important role in anticancer drug development as they have shown excellent results through different mechanism of action such as growth inhibitors by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration and modulation.79
It has long been recognized that normal prostate cells have high zinc content through ZIP1 mediated uptake, and have low respiration (OXPHOS ATP generation is diverted to citrate export for sperm energetics). Prostate cancer cells have down regulated ZIP1 transporters which leads to greater ATP generation which is diverted to cancer proliferation, an example of a normal-like metabolic phenotype instead being malignant. The zinc ionophoreclioquinol was shown in mice to restore zinc levels and stop the growth of prostate tumors.
Research at UCSFindicates that clioquinol appears to block the genetic action of Huntington’s diseasein mice and in cell culture.
Recent animal studies have shown that clioquinol can reverse the progression of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. According to Siegfried Hekimi and colleagues at McGill’s Department of Biology, clioquinol acts directly on a protein called Clk-1, often informally called “clock-1,” and might slow down the aging process. They theorize that this may explain the apparent ability of the drug to be effective in the above conditions, but warn against individuals experimenting with this drug.
In addition, a study performed in Drosophila demonstrates that clioquinol can slow the pathogenesis of tauopathy model by removing the excessive zinc in the cell.80
Clioquinol is a drug, Quinoline is its natural source, and, as is usually the case with the natural sources of drugs, is expected to be even more effective than the synthetic form.
Quinoline food sources:
Quinoline is found in many foods, some of which are tea, cocoa and cocoa products, herbs and spices.85
Image: Quinoline food sources86, tea, cocoa and cocoa products, herbs and spices.
7.6.d. EGCG Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCG)
Research shows EGCG, which is in green tea, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication.87
Studies also show88EGCG is more powerful in combating Covid-19 than Hydroxychloroquine. 89
EGCG – the most abundant catechin in tea 90especially in in green tea and touted as the most effective chemopreventive polyphenol. A recent study found EGCG amplified the effectiveness of Quercetin as a zinc ionophore. This suggests that EGCG and Quercetin provide a synergistic effect with enhanced bioavailability.
EGCG s a polyphenol.
Molecular formula of EGCG:C22H18O11
Molecular structure of EGCG
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), also known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, and is a type of catechin.
Besides Green tea, white, oolong, and black teas have EGCG as well.
So there you have another reason why tea is such a successful cure for all diseases. On top of its many anti oxidant properties, it is a powerful zinc ionophore!
Several studies show that hesperidin has an inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 by binding to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, the receptor-binding domain of S protein (RBD-S) and the peptidase domain of ACE-2 (PD-ACE-2) (Adem et al. 2020; Tallei et al. 2020; Utomo et al. 2020). 95
The following table 104 shows the Hesperidin 105content of different citrus fruits.
Image: Hesperidin content of different citrus fruits. 106
Don’t throw out the lemon peel107. It is full of vitamins and polyphenols, so eat some of that every day.
Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperedin.
Flavonol glycosides are yellowish compounds which are widespread in the plant kingdom. Apart from the coloring properties, flavonol glycosides are known to possess considerable anti oxidative capacities.108
Flavonoid C-glycosides showed significant antioxidant activity, anticancer and antitumor activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-diabetes activity, antiviral activity, antibacterial and antifungal activity, and other biological effects.109
There is also Hesperidin in Aloe Vera:
Image: Aloe Vera: Polyphenol content in Aloe Vera.110
And Hesperidin is in cocoa.
The name Hesperidin is derived from the word “hesperidium”, for fruit produced by citrus trees. Carl Linnaeus gave the name Hesperideæ to an order containing the genusCitrus, in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides.111 Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense.
In addition to its well-known benefits for cardiovascular function, type II diabetes, and anti-inflammation, recent studies have demonstrated multiple benefits of Hesperidin
Hesperidin is useful for cutaneous functions, including wound healing, UV protection, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, anti skin cancer, and skin lightening.112
The anti allergenic activity of Hesperidin and its metabolite hesperetin were investigated. Hesperidin did not inhibit the histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE. However, its metabolite hesperetin potently inhibited the histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE and the PCA reaction.113
2High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans, PubMed, June 1997,Wood RJ, Zheng JJ. High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jun;65(6):1803-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1803. PMID: 9174476.R J Wood1, J J Zheng ,Mineral Bioavailability Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture, HNRCA, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA. wood_mb@hnrc.tufts.edu https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9174476/
3Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? PubMed, January 2021,Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, Ismail LC, Apostolopoulos V, Stojanovska L. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas. 2021 Jan;143:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 9. PMID: 33308613; PMCID: PMC7415215., 1Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.2Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.3Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.4Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.5Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: lily.stojanovska@uaeu.ac.ae.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33308613/Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? PubMed, January 2021,Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, Ismail LC, Apostolopoulos V, Stojanovska L. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas. 2021 Jan;143:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 9. PMID: 33308613; PMCID: PMC7415215., 1Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.2Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.3Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.4Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.5Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: lily.stojanovska@uaeu.ac.ae.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33308613/
4Smell/Taste alteration in COVID-19 may reflect zinc deficiency,PMC, January 2021, Propper RE. Smell/Taste alteration in COVID-19 may reflect zinc deficiency. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2021 Jan;68(1):3. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.20-177. Epub 2021 Jan 1. PMID: 33536704; PMCID: PMC7844651,1Psychology Department, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA*E-mail: ude.rialctnom@rrepporphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7844651/
7Zinc atom, Wikimedia Commons, June 30,2012, Zinc Electron shell diagram for Zinc, the 30th element in the periodic table of elements. * Author: Pumbaa (original work by Greg Robson) * Application: (generated by script) ==Source This file was derived from: Electron shell 030 Zinc.svg: Electron shell 030 Zinc.svgAuthor Electron_shell_030_Zinc.svg: Pumbaa (original work by Greg Robson)derivative work: Kizar https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capa_electr%C3%B3nica_030_Cinc.svg
8Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19,PMC, March 1, 2021, Wessels I, Rolles B, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19. Br J Nutr. 2022 Jan 28;127(2):214-232. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521000738. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 33641685; PMCID: PMC8047403.Inga Wessels, 1 Benjamin Rolles, 2 Alan J. Slusarenko, 3 and Lothar Rink 1 ,* 1 Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany2 Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany3 Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany* Corresponding author: Dr Lothar Rink, email ed.nehcaaku@kniRLhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047403/
9Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.PMC, October 2020,Carlucci PM, Ahuja T, Petrilli C, Rajagopalan H, Jones S, Rahimian J. Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Microbiol. 2020 Oct;69(10):1228-1234. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001250. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PMID: 32930657; PMCID: PMC7660893. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7660893/
10High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans, PubMed, June 1997,Wood RJ, Zheng JJ. High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jun;65(6):1803-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1803. PMID: 9174476.R J Wood1, J J Zheng ,Mineral Bioavailability Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture, HNRCA, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA. wood_mb@hnrc.tufts.edu https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9174476/
11Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, PMC, October 2016, Tebben PJ, Singh RJ, Kumar R. Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Endocr Rev. 2016 Oct;37(5):521-547. doi: 10.1210/er.2016-1070. Epub 2016 Sep 2. PMID: 27588937; PMCID: PMC5045493.Peter J. Tebben, Ravinder J. Singh, and Rajiv Kumar ,Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905Corresponding author.Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Rajiv Kumar, Medical Sciences 1-120, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905., E-mail: ude.oyam@ramukr.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045493/
12Vitamin D Toxicity, NCBI, Updated April 28, 2022, Anum Asif1; Nauman Farooq2.Affiliations1 University of Pittsburgh Presbyterian Hospital2 Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557876/
13Vitamin D Toxicity, NCBI, Updated April 28, 2022, Anum Asif1; Nauman Farooq2.Affiliations1 University of Pittsburgh Presbyterian Hospital2 Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557876/
14Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture,PubMed, November 4, 2010, te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Nov 4;6(11):e1001176. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176. PMID: 21079686; PMCID: PMC2973827. Aartjan J W te Velthuis1, Sjoerd H E van den Worm, Amy C Sims, Ralph S Baric, Eric J Snijder, Martijn J van Hemert Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21079686/
15Zinc: An Essential Micronutrient, PMC, February 10, 2010, Saper RB, Rash R. Zinc: an essential micronutrient. Am Fam Physician. 2009 May 1;79(9):768-72. PMID: 20141096; PMCID: PMC2820120.,ROBERT B. SAPER, MD, MPH and REBECCA RASH, MA Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MassachusettsAddress correspondence to Robert B. Saper, MD, MPH, Boston Medical Center, Department of Family Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Dowling 5 South, Boston, MA 02118 (gro.cmb@repas.trebor) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820120/
16Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19,PMC, March 1, 2021, Wessels I, Rolles B, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19. Br J Nutr. 2022 Jan 28;127(2):214-232. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521000738. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 33641685; PMCID: PMC8047403.Inga Wessels, 1 Benjamin Rolles, 2 Alan J. Slusarenko, 3 and Lothar Rink 1 ,* 1 Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany2 Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany3 Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany* Corresponding author: Dr Lothar Rink, email ed.nehcaaku@kniRLhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047403/
17Zinc Adequate (ZA) versus Zinc Deficient (ZD) reaction to SARS-CoV-2, Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19,PMC, March 1, 2021, Wessels I, Rolles B, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19. Br J Nutr. 2022 Jan 28;127(2):214-232. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521000738. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 33641685; PMCID: PMC8047403.Inga Wessels, 1 Benjamin Rolles, 2 Alan J. Slusarenko, 3 and Lothar Rink 1 ,* 1 Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany2 Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany3 Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany* Corresponding author: Dr Lothar Rink, email ed.nehcaaku@kniRLhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047403/
20Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review, PMC, February 2013, Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Feb;18(2):144-57. PMID: 23914218; PMCID: PMC3724376. Nazanin Roohani, Richard Hurrell,1 Roya Kelishadi,2 and Rainer Schulin,Soil Protection, ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Switzerland1Department of Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Zurich, Switzerland,2Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,
Address for correspondence: Prof. Roya Kelishadi, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan. E-mail: ri.ca.ium.dem @idahsilek https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724376/
21Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review, PMC, February 2013, Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Feb;18(2):144-57. PMID: 23914218; PMCID: PMC3724376. Nazanin Roohani, Richard Hurrell,1 Roya Kelishadi,2 and Rainer Schulin,Soil Protection, ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Switzerland1Department of Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Zurich, Switzerland,2Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Prof. Roya Kelishadi, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan. E-mail: ri.ca.ium.dem @idahsilek https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724376/
22Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review, PMC, February 2013, Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Feb;18(2):144-57. PMID: 23914218; PMCID: PMC3724376. Nazanin Roohani, Richard Hurrell,1 Roya Kelishadi,2 and Rainer Schulin,Soil Protection, ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Switzerland1Department of Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health Zurich, Switzerland,2Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Prof. Roya Kelishadi, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan. E-mail: ri.ca.ium.dem @idahsilek https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724376/
23Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent in Bone Regeneration,PMC,May 12, 2020, O’Connor JP, Kanjilal D, Teitelbaum M, Lin SS, Cottrell JA. Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent in Bone Regeneration. Materials (Basel). 2020 May 12;13(10):2211. doi: 10.3390/ma13102211. PMID: 32408474; PMCID: PMC7287917., J. Patrick O’Connor,1,2,* Deboleena Kanjilal,2 Marc Teitelbaum,2 Sheldon S. Lin,1,2 and Jessica A. Cottrell3, 1Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; ude.sregtur.smjn@ssnil2School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; ude.sregtur.sbsg@137kd (D.K.); ude.sregtur.sbsg@54thm (M.T.)3Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; ude.uhs@llerttoc.acissej*Correspondence: ude.sregtur.smjn@pjonnoco https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7287917/
34ALOE VERA: A SHORT REVIEW, PMC, 2008, Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-6. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.44785. PMID: 19882025; PMCID: PMC2763764., Amar Surjushe, Resham Vasani, and D G Saple , From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai – 400 008 Maharashtra, IndiaAddress for correspondence: Dr. Amar Surjushe, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Grant Medical College, Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital, Mumbai – 400 008, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: moc.liamffider@ehsujrusramard https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/
35Aloe vera extract functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles as nanoantibiotics against multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates, PubMed, March 12, 2016, Ali K, Dwivedi S, Azam A, Saquib Q, Al-Said MS, Alkhedhairy AA, Musarrat J. Aloe vera extract functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles as nanoantibiotics against multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016 Jun 15;472:145-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.021. Epub 2016 Mar 12. PMID: 27031596, Khursheed Ali1, Sourabh Dwivedi2, Ameer Azam3, Quaiser Saquib4, Mansour S Al-Said5, Abdulaziz A Alkhedhairy4, Javed Musarrat6 , https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27031596/
36Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease from Aloe vera compounds: A molecular docking study,PubMed, September 2020, Mpiana PT, Ngbolua KT, Tshibangu DST, Kilembe JT, Gbolo BZ, Mwanangombo DT, Inkoto CL, Lengbiye EM, Mbadiko CM, Matondo A, Bongo GN, Tshilanda DD. Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease from Aloe vera compounds: A molecular docking study. Chem Phys Lett. 2020 Sep;754:137751. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137751. Epub 2020 Jun 30. PMID: 33518775; PMCID: PMC7833182. Pius T Mpiana 1, Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua 2 3, Damien S T Tshibangu 1, Jason T Kilembe 1, Benjamin Z Gbolo 2 3, Domaine T Mwanangombo 1, Clement L Inkoto 2, Emmanuel M Lengbiye 2, Clement M Mbadiko 2, Aristote Matondo 1, Gedeon N Bongo 2, Dorothée D Tshilanda, 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, P.O Box 190, Kinshasa 11, Congo.2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, P.O Box 190, Kinshasa 11, Congo.3Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gbado-Lite, P.O Box 111, Gbado-Lite, Congo. 1https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33518775/
39Ionophores: Ionophores are low molecular weight natural products which dissolve in the plasma membrane or intracellular membranes of cells and make the membrane permeable to specific ions, Science Direct,https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ionophores
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44Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model, PubMed, July 31, 2014, Dabbagh-Bazarbachi H, Clergeaud G, Quesada IM, Ortiz M, O’Sullivan CK, Fernández-Larrea JB. Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Aug 13;62(32):8085-93. doi: 10.1021/jf5014633. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25050823. Husam Dabbagh-Bazarbachi 1, Gael Clergeaud, Isabel M Quesada, Mayreli Ortiz, Ciara K O’Sullivan, Juan B Fernández-Larrea, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, and ‡Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , 43007 Tarragona, Spain., https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Zinc-ionophore-activity-of-quercetin-and-from-Hepa-Dabbagh-Bazarbachi-Clergeaud/9f28bfa5ebf0466f697cb9c820220366fc149c0f
45Zinc Ionophore strength comparison, Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model, PubMed, July 31, 2014, Dabbagh-Bazarbachi H, Clergeaud G, Quesada IM, Ortiz M, O’Sullivan CK, Fernández-Larrea JB. Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Aug 13;62(32):8085-93. doi: 10.1021/jf5014633. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25050823. Husam Dabbagh-Bazarbachi 1, Gael Clergeaud, Isabel M Quesada, Mayreli Ortiz, Ciara K O’Sullivan, Juan B Fernández-Larrea, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, and ‡Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , 43007 Tarragona, Spain., https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Zinc-ionophore-activity-of-quercetin-and-from-Hepa-Dabbagh-Bazarbachi-Clergeaud/9f28bfa5ebf0466f697cb9c820220366fc149c0f
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2Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy, Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
2Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy, Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
2Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy, Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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bDepartment of Food Science, Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
Guan Hao Li: nc.ude.uby@ilhg; Se Won Park: rk.ca.kuknok@krapwes
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77Quinoline and Quinazoline Derivatives Inhibit Viral RNA Synthesis by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp,PubMed, June 11, 2021, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang M, Liu Q, Lei X, Wu M, Guo S, Yi D, Li Q, Ma L, Liu Z, Guo F, Wang J, Li X, Wang Y, Cen S. Quinoline and Quinazoline Derivatives Inhibit Viral RNA Synthesis by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. ACS Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 11;7(6):1535-1544. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00083. Epub 2021 May 26. PMID: 34038639; PMCID: PMC8188755., Jianyuan Zhao 1, Yongxin Zhang 1, Minghua Wang 1, Qian Liu 1, Xiaobo Lei 2, Meng Wu 3, SaiSai Guo 1, Dongrong Yi 1, Quanjie Li 1, Ling Ma 1, Zhenlong Liu 4, Fei Guo 2, Jianwei Wang 2, Xiaoyu Li 1, Yucheng Wang 1, Shan Cen 1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34038639/
79Comprehensive review on current developments of quinoline-based anticancer agents, ShwetaJainaVikashChandrabPankajKumar JaincKamlaPathakbDevendraPathakbAnkurVaidyab, a,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar, M.P. 470002, India,b, Pharmacy College, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, U.P. 206130, India, cCommunity Medicine, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, U.P. 206130, IndiaReceived 15 July 2016, Accepted 18 October 2016, Available online 26 October 2016, Version of Record 30 December 2019.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535216301897
84Quinoline C9H7N molecular structure, Wikipedia, July 14 , 2016, Skeletal formula of quinoline.Vaccinationist – Own work, Created with ChemDoodle 7.0.2 and Adobe Illustrator CC 2015., CC BY-SA 4.0, File:Quinoline chemical structure.svg, Created: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoline
85Quinoline (FDB011854)Version 1.0, Creation date 2010-04-08 22:09:52 UTC, Update date 2019-11-26 03:05:34 UTCPrimary ID FDB011854, https://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB011854
86Quinoline food sources, Dandhea, September 20, 2022,
87Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a Green Tea Polyphenol, Reduces Coronavirus Replication in a Mouse Model,Park R, Jang M, Park YI, Park Y, Jung W, Park J, Park J. Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a Green Tea Polyphenol, Reduces Coronavirus Replication in a Mouse Model. Viruses. 2021 Dec 17;13(12):2533. doi: 10.3390/v13122533. PMID: 34960802; PMCID: PMC8704347. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960802/
92Curcumin as a permeability enhancer enhanced the antihyperlipidemic activity of dietary green tea extract, PMC, June 13, 2019, Pandit AP, Joshi SR, Dalal PS, Patole VC. Curcumin as a permeability enhancer enhanced the antihyperlipidemic activity of dietary green tea extract. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jun 13;19(1):129. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2545-1. PMID: 31196040; PMCID: PMC6567481., Ashlesha P. Pandit,corresponding author1 Shreyas R. Joshi,1 Preeti S. Dalal,2 and Vinita C. Patole1, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and Research, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra 411033 India2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSPM Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and Research, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra 411033 India,Ashlesha P. Pandit, Phone: +91 9822061364, Email: moc.liamg@tidnap.ahselhsa., Contributor Information., corresponding authorCorresponding author. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6567481/
94Turmeric and Black Pepper, Dandhea, July 15, 2022
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95.a. Antiviral zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by hesperidin and in silico comparison study between antiviral phenolics as anti-SARS-CoV-2, PubMed, March 26, 2021,
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aDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
bDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Shiekh University, Kafr El-Shiekh, Egypt
cClinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
dDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
eApplied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
fDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
gDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
hDepartment of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, Pharmaceutical Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
⁎Corresponding author at: Phytochemistry &Plant Systematics Department, Pharmaceutical Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
103Hesperidin deativates SARS-CoV-2: This graphic depiction of how hesperidin deactivates SARS-CoV 2 is clearer than those in PubMed,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823497/ and also copyright free. Antioxidants, EISSN 2076-3921, Published in MDPIHesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Function of Citrus Fruits by Paolo Bellavite, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy and Alberto Donzelli, Medical Doctor, Scientific Committee of Fondazione Allineare Sanità e Salute, 20122 Milano, ItalyAuthor to whom correspondence should be addressed.Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080742 Received: July 25, 2020, Revised: August 10, 2020 Accepted: 11 August 2020 / Published: 13 August 2020(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenomics and Antioxidant Components of Diet) https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/8/742
105As hesperidin is the dominant flavanone within oranges, there is a range of levels established within and between sweet oranges, tangerines, and sour oranges [45], although hesperidin is present in highest concentration in the peel.From: Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease (Second Edition)2018, Pages 431-440 , Chapter 32 – The Polyphenolic Compound Hesperidin and Bone Protection, Science Direct, September 28, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-04277-8 , Jenalyn L.Yumol⁎†Wendy E.Ward⁎†⁎Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada†Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canadahttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hesperidin
109Advance on the Flavonoid C-glycosides and Health Benefits, PubMed, July 29, 2016, Xiao J, Capanoglu E, Jassbi AR, Miron A. Advance on the Flavonoid C-glycosides and Health Benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Jul 29;56 Suppl 1:S29-45. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1067595. PMID: 26462718, Jianbo Xiao 1 2, Esra Capanoglu 3, Amir Reza Jassbi 4, Anca Miron 5, a College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China.
b Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau , Taipa , Macau. c Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak, Istanbul , Turkey.
d Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.
e Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa – Iasi , Iasi , Romania.
112Benefits of Hesperidin for Cutaneous Functions,PubMed, April 2, 2019, Man MQ, Yang B, Elias PM. Benefits of Hesperidin for Cutaneous Functions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Apr 2;2019:2676307. doi: 10.1155/2019/2676307. PMID: 31061668; PMCID: PMC6466919.,Mao-Qiang Man 1 2, Bin Yang 1, Peter M Elias 2, 1Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China.2Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA., https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061668/
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