We are always told Vitamin B12 is fat soluble. It is not. It is water soluble. We are always told that we should not consume Folate and Vitamin B12 together, while it is essential they work together for the formation of red blood cells, and for forming serotonin and dopamine! We are told that Folic Acid hides Vitamin B12 deficiency, while Folic Acid interferes with B12 and aggravates B12 deficiency. And according to the Be Well study, Covid 19 not only resembles Vitamin B12 deficiency, Covid 19 symptoms are also alleviated with Vitamin B12 supplementation.
It says:
“Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell synthesis, nervous system health, myelin synthesis, cellular growth and the rapid synthesis of DNA. The active forms of vitamin B12are hydroxo-, adenosyl- and methyl-cobalamin. Vitamin B12acts as a modulator of gut microbiota and low levels of B12elevate methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, resulting in increased inflammation, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress . Hyperhomocysteinemia causes endothelial dysfunction, activation of platelet and coagulation cascades, megaloblastic anemia, disruption of myelin sheath integrity and decreased immune responses.However, SARS-CoV-2 could interfere with vitamin B12metabolism, thus impairing intestinal microbial proliferation. Given that, it is plausible that symptoms of vitamin B12deficiency are close to COVID-19 infection such as elevated oxidative stress and lactate dehydrogenase, hyperhomocysteinemia, coagulation cascade activation, vasoconstriction and renal and pulmonary vasculopathy . In addition, B12deficiency can result in disorders of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems . Surprisingly, a recent study showed that methylcobalamin supplements have the potential to reduce COVID-19-related organ damage and symptoms . A clinical study conducted in Singapore showed that COVID-19 patients who were given vitamin B12supplements (500 μg), vitamin D (1000 IU) and magnesium had reduced COVID-19 symptom severity and supplements significantly reduced the need for oxygen and intensive care suppor.”1
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement and a prescription medication. Because vitamin B12 contains the mineral cobalt, compounds with vitamin B12 activity are collectively called “cobalamins” 5
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body’s liver, fatty tissue, and muscles. The four fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are absorbed more easily by the body in the presence of dietary fat.
Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body.6
The exact time that water-soluble vitamins circulate in your body will depend on factors like age, nutrient status, diet, and the like. However, most are depleted within 1-2 days, which means replenishing them daily to ensure sufficient levels if critical for optimal health and performance. 7
Vitamin B12 binds to the protein in the foods we eat. In the stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes unbind vitamin B12 into its free form. From there, vitamin B12 combines with a protein called intrinsic factor so that it can be absorbed further down in the small intestine.8
A B vitamin complex supplement is often touted to boost energy levels and mood. People who have a B vitamin deficiency may feel a rise in energy levels after using the supplement because the vitamin is directly involved in making healthy blood cells and can correct anemia if present. However, there is no evidence of benefit if people without a deficiency take extra B vitamins.
Vitamin B12 is involved in helping the body:
make red blood cells and keeping the nervous system healthy
release energy from food
use folate
The interaction between Vitamin B and Folate:
Vitamin B12 is an especially important vitamin for maintaining healthy nerve cells, and it helps in the production of DNA and RNA, the body’s genetic material. Vitamin B12 works closely with vitamin B9, also called Folate, to help make red blood cells and to help iron work better in the body. Folate and B12 work together to produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a compound involved in immune function and mood.9
Vitamins B12, B6, and B9 work together to control blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine are associated with heart disease. However, researchers are not sure whether homocysteine is a cause of heart disease or just a marker that indicates someone may have heart disease.10
B9 (folate) + B12 (cobalamin): Many of the functions of folate and B12 are linked because of their complementary roles in the “folate” and “methionine” cycles. Low levels of B12 can result in a functional folate deficiency, as folate becomes trapped in the form of methyltetrahydrofolate.
Proper function of the folate cycle is essential for the synthesis and regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for enzymes that convert amino acids to monoamine neurotransmitters (Serotonin, Melatonin, Dopamine, Noradrenaline,Aadrenaline) and Nitric Oxide
They’re also heavily involved in red blood cell production and proper function of the nervous system.11
Both Folate and Vitamin B12 deficiency are due to the induction of a functional Folate deficiency, which in turn is induced by B12 deprivation.
The interrelationship between these two Vitamins is best explained by the methyl trap hypothesis stating that Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to lowered levels of methionine synthetase, which results in a functional folate deficiency by trapping an increased proportion of folate as the 5-methyl derivative. 12
In addition, as 5-methyl-H4PteGlu is a poor substrate for folylpolyglutamate synthetase, there is a decreased synthesis of folylpolyglutamates and consequently a decreased retention of folates by tissues. The real Folate deficiency that ensues because of decreased tissue Folate levels is probably as important physiologically as the functional deficiency caused by the methyl trap. The sparing effect of methionine can be explained by adenosylmethionine inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, which would prevent the buildup of 5-methyl-H4PteGlun. A deficiency in vitamin B12 would not, in itself, be sufficient to cause a disturbance in folate metabolism.
The deficiency would have to result in lowered methyltransferase levels before any such disturbance would be manifest. 13
Megaloblastic anemia—a condition of larger than normal sized red blood cells and a smaller than normal amount; this occurs because there is not enough vitamin B12 in the diet or poor absorption
Fatigue, weakness
Nerve damage with numbness, tingling in the hands and legs
Memory loss, confusion
Dementia
Depression
Seizures
Cardiovascular disease
Impaired Cognitive function
Schizofrenia
Vitamine B12 deficiencey may showup as folate deficiency, since without vitamine B12, folate cannot synthesize properly.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, so any unused amount will exit the body through the urine. Generally, up to 1000 mcg a day of an oral tablet to treat a deficiency is considered safe. The Institute of Medicine states “no adverse effects have been associated with excess vitamin B12 intake from food and supplements in healthy individuals.”
Recommended Amounts
RDA: The Recommended Dietary Allowance for men and women ages 14 years and older is 2.4 micrograms (mcg) daily. For pregnancy and lactation, the amount increases to 2.6 mcg and2.8 mcg daily, respectively. [1]
UL: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the maximum daily dose unlikely to cause adverse side effects in the general population. No upper limit has been set for vitamin B12, as there is no established toxic level. However, some evidence suggests that supplements of 25 mcg per day or higher may increase the risk of bone fractures. [2]
Adults (aged 19 to 64) need about 1.5 micrograms a day of vitamin B12.
As vitamin B12 is not found naturally in foods such as fruit, vegetables and grains, vegans may not get enough of it.
Vitamin B12 Food Sources
Good sources in micrograms of B12 per 100 grams or in case of fluids, 100 ml of:
1Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19,PMC, August 15, 2020, Shakoor H, Feehan J, Mikkelsen K, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, Ismail LC, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V. Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas. 2021 Feb;144:108-111. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007. Epub 2020 Aug 15. PMID: 32829981; PMCID: PMC7428453.Hira Shakoor,a Jack Feehan,b,c Kathleen Mikkelsen,b Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri,a Habiba I. Ali,a Carine Platat,a Leila Cheikh Ismail,d,e Lily Stojanovska,a,b and Vasso Apostolopoulosb,* Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
bInstitute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
cDepartment of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
dClinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
How we feel has a measurable impact on our health and longevity. Happiness proteins lengthen our telomeres, which lengthen our life and stress proteins shorten our telomeres and our life.
Read all about the four major happiness proteins and which foods, scents and behaviors produce them.
The four happiness proteins are dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and endorphin. They are all proteins, some are hormones, others neurotransmitters, and some are both.
Like some hormones, neurotransmitters are proteins. The main difference between hormones and neurotransmitters is that hormones are produced in the endocrine glands and are released into the blood stream where they find their targets of action at some distance from its origin whereas neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap by a terminal of a stimulated presynaptic nerve cell, transmitting a nerve signal to its neighboring postsynaptic nerve cell1
Some neurotransmitters can also act as hormones. This is the case for seratonin2, en endorphin3.
And some hormones can act as neurotransmitters. This is the case for oxytocin4.
The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuro modulation, such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is released when your brain is expecting a reward5. When you come to associate a certain activity with pleasure, mere anticipation may be enough to raise dopamine levels. Dopamine6 also drives prosocial behaviors. Dopamine has been linked to intrinsic motivation in goal6aaccomplishment, whether academic, personal, or professional7. Dopamine is produced from the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine, both of which can be obtained from protein-rich foods. Very high intakes of these amino acids may boost dopamine levels 8. Physiological functions of the brain dopamine system are well recognized. However, dopamine biosynthesis does not only occur in neurons, but also in peripheral tissues. Dopamine receptors have been described in the kidney, pancreas, lungs, and in numerous blood vessels outside the central nervous system9. Dopamine receptors are widely expressed in the body and function in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems10 It can be linked to will, and thus to soul.
Behaviors that stimulate dopamine production are:
Goal achievement. When we achieve one of our goals, our brain releases dopamine. The brain finds this dopamine rush very rewarding. It seeks out more dopamine by working toward another goal. Larger goals typically come with increased dopamine. However, it’s best to start with small goals to improve your chances of success. Short-term goals can add up to achieve a long-term goal (and a bigger reward). This pattern keeps a steady release of dopamine in your brain11. I like the zoom in-zoom out method. When you are overwhelmed, zoom in, until you can handel it again. When you are bored, zoom out to the larger goals, until you can see each otherwise boring activity as a step in the direction of the larger goal and get excited again. We need to always stay in gear and be intentional in our wishes, prayers, thoughts, words and deeds in order not to regress to subconscious negative patterns that don’t serve anything or anyone.
Spending time in nature. Even as little as 5 minutes a day boosts dopamine levels13.
When prayer elicits feelings of love and compassion, there is a release of dopamine14.
Novelty: The brain reacts to novel experiences by releasing dopamine. You can naturally increase your dopamine by seeking out new experiences. Any kind of experience will work. You can do something simple like a new hobby or recipe. Or you can try something grand like skydiving. The less familiar you are with the activity, the more likely your brain will reward you with dopamine15.
Beauty, regardless of the sense with which it is perceived, also gives a dopamine rush16. So keep your environment clean and beautiful and surround yourself with beauty, nice music, beautiful art, nature, in order to keep your dopamine levels up.
Scents that stimulate dopamine production are essential oils of:
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that mediates satisfaction, happiness and optimism. Serotonin levels are reduced in depression, and most modern anti-depressant drugs, known as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), act by increasing the amount of serotonin available to brain cells18.Serotonin mediates many complex processes in the brain. It’s perhaps best known for its role in regulating mood. It’s also thought to help regulate several life-sustaining functions, such as breathing 19 Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in emotional regulation20, which affect decision-making21. Serotonin has to do with the sleep-wake cycle and motor activity22, Serotonin enhances our mood, (think anti-depressant), our willpower, and motivation23. Serotonin can lower hostility and symptoms of depression. It also encourages agreeableness24. Serotonin has an important role in wound healing in the context of burn injuries. Serotonin promoted cellular viability, proliferation and migration of both fibroblasts and neonatal keratinocytes (in vitro), whereas inhibition of the 5HTR2A receptor by ketanserin resulted in opposite effects 25.In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin is almost exclusively produced in neurons originating in the raphe nuclei located in the midline of the brainstem. These serotonin-producing neurons form the largest and most complex efferent system in the human brain26. Serotonin (5HT) has significant effects on renal metabolism and glomerular function and is a potent renal vasoconstrictor. The enzymatic activity for the synthesis of serotonin in the kidney is comparable to that in the brain, with the complete pathway localized to renal cortical proximal tubules27. It can be linked to mind.
Behaviors that boosts serotonin levels are:
Regular exercise for at least 30 minutes each day improves one’s overall mood. Research has revealed that long-term cardiovascular exercise boosts serotonin levels in the brain.
As is the case with dopamine levels, spending time in nature boosts serotonin levels as well. , Even as little as 5 minutes a day boosts serotonin levels. The amount of time spent in sunlight correlates with serotonin and dopamine synthesis. Even a brief walk in the park can improve your well-being. 28.
Omega-3 fALA boosts serotonin levels. It helps serotonin trigger nerve cell receptors, making transport easier. Many studies have shown that omega-3s help reduce depressive symptoms33.
having some tryptophan in your diet is important. If you don’t have enough, your serotonin levels will drop. If you need more tryptophan, you can get it by eating starchy foods like whole wheat bread, potatoes, and corn34.
RDA Tryptophan:
While typical intake for many individuals is approximately 900 to 1000 mg daily, the recommended daily allowance for adults is estimated to be between 250 mg/day5,12,13 and 425 mg/day,4,14,15 which translates to a dietary intake of 3.5 to 6.0 mg/kg of body weight
The L-tryptophan and competing amino acids (CAAs) found in common foods. The L-tryptophan/CAA ratio represents the relative availability of plasma L-tryptophan for crossing the blood-brain barrier and is thought to be the best indicator of brain serotonin synthesis.
Turkey, Skinless, Boneless, Dark Meat (per pound, raw)
303
7,036
0.043
Chicken, Skinless, Boneless, Dark Meat (per pound, raw)
256
5,492
0.047
Whole Milk (per quart)
732
8,989
0.081
2% Milk (per quart)
551
12,516
0.044
Wheat Bread (per slice)
19
317
0.060
White Bread (per slice)
22
439
0.050
Semisweet Chocolate (per ounce)
18
294
0.061
Sweet Chocolate (per ounce)
16
270
0.059
Canned Tuna (per ounce)
472
10,591
0.045
Cheddar Cheese (per ounce)
91
2,298
0.040
Peanuts (per ounce)
65
1,574
0.041
Oats for Oatmeal (per cup)
147
2,617
0.056
Dried Prune (one)
2
27
0.074
Banana (one medium)
11
237
0.046
Apple (one medium)
2
70
0.029
Alpha Linolenic Acid doesn’t make oxytocin, but it facilitates the transfer of neurological signals. For that to happen efficiently, the recommendation is 1.6 grams of Alpha Linolenic Acid a day for men and 1 gram of Alpha Linolenic Acid a day for women. That needs to be balanced with Linoleic Acid. To see how you can easily do that look here35.
*e.g. The recommended daily allowance for a 79 kg (175 lb) adult is 278 to 476 mg.
**CAAs = Isoleucine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Valine, the five large neutral amino acids typically included in the tryptophan/CAA ratio36.
Coffee increases your serotonin and dopamine levels for as long as you take it. Once you stop drinking coffee, you will go into withdrawal. Your brain, used to the high levels of neurotransmitters, will act as if there is a deficiency. It can take up to 12 days of caffeine-free diet for the brain to return to its normal state. Omega 3 ALA,on the other hand, causes a rise in serotonin levels without any withdrawal37.
Oxytocin is a nonapeptide originally known to stimulate labour and milk ejection.. Oxytocin can induce anti-stress-like effects such as reduction of blood pressure and cortisol levels. It increases pain thresholds, exerts an anxiolytic-like effect and stimulates various types of positive social interaction. In addition, it promotes growth and healing. Repeated exposure to oxytocin causes long-lasting effects by influencing the activity of other transmitter systems, a pattern which makes oxytocin potentially clinically relevant. Oxytocin can be released by various types of non-noxious sensory stimulation, for example by touch and warmth. Ingestion of food triggers oxytocin release by activation of vagal afferents. Most likely, oxytocin can also be released by stimulation of other senses such as olfaction, as well as by certain types of sound and light. In addition, purely psychological mechanisms may trigger the release of oxytocin. This means that positive interaction involving touch and psychological support may be health-promoting. The social interaction of daily life, as well as a positive environment, continuously activate this system. In addition, various types of psychotherapy involving transfer of support, warmth and empathy are likely to induce similar effects, which thus contribute to the positive effects of these kinds of therapies38. Recent studies have shown that oxytocin suppresses inhibitory neurons (which reduce neural activity), thereby allowing excitatory cells to respond more strongly and reliably. As a result of improved signal transmission, oxytocin appears to overall enhance the brain’s response to socially relevant stimuli39.
Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. Secretion depends on electrical activity of neurons in the hypothalamus – it is released into the blood when these cells are excited40.
Hypothalamus, where oxytosin is produced, and pituitary gland, where oxytosin is secreted into the bloodstream41.
Oxytosin is activated by touch, for example in a consensual hug. Hugging and other forms of nonsexual touching cause your brain to release oxytocin, known as the “bonding hormone”. This stimulates the release of other feel-good hormones, such as dopamine and serotonin, while reducing stress hormones, such as cortisol and norepinephrine42. Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland43.A high density of oxytocin receptors are present in the ventromedial hypothalamus (Bale and Dorsa, 1995). Oxytocin receptors are also present in peripheral tissues such as the ovary, testis, and adrenals as well as the uterus, mammary gland, liver, and fat cells44. People who release more oxytocin are happier and have better relations of every kind. Oxytoscn is a measure of empathy, and empathy makes us moral. 5% of people do not release oxytocin. Often because of childhood neglect or abuse45. Oxytocin can be linked to heart..
Behaviors that can release oxytocin in the brain are:
Endorphins are the body’s natural pain reliever and also promote pleasure. They’re produced during activities such as exercise, sex, laughter, dancing, and listening to music52. The name comes from two words: endogenous (which means coming from the body) and morphine (the opiate pain reliever)53. Higher endorphins can actually lead to higher dopamine production; in this way, endorphins and dopamine are not mutually exclusive but are actually connected in the system that promotes action toward rewards and the good feelings that result54. Endorphins are produced and stored in the pituitary gland55. The endorphin system is a neuroendocrine system that serves to modulate responses to pain and stress. The endorphin system consists of widely scattered neurons that produce three types of opioids—beta-endorphin, met- and leu-enkephalins, and dynorphins56. In common language, an “endorphin-high” is attributed to any euphoric feeling elicited from either physical or emotional challenge, pain, or stress. Frequently, the runner’s high experienced near the end of a long, challenging race is attributed to endorphin release and a composite surge of pain-relief peptides that block sensory receptors. Whether this function is actually facilitated solely by β-endorphin molecules remains in debate57. It is made in the central nervous system, the pituitary gland and hypophyse. It can be linked to strength.
rose 59Rose essential oils and extracts with their therapeutic properties-as respiratory antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants, and antioxidants-are able to act as symptomatic prophylactics and drugs, and in this way alleviate dramatic sufferings during severe diseases60.
Below a screenshot of a film64 showing Molecules of the Protein Myosin drag a ball of Endorphins along an active filament into the inner part of the Brain’s Parietal Cortex, which produces Feelings of Happiness.
h
Dopamine, Serotonine and endorphine are inhibitory neurotransmitters. Here are some more65:
Neurotransmitter
Type
Function
Problems with Surplus
Problems with Deficit
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Excitatory
– muscle function – learning and memory – attention
Muscle spasms
Alzheimer’s disease
Dopamine
Inhibitory
– mood and emotion – arousal
Schizophrenia, drug addiction
Parkinson’s disease
Serotonin
Inhibitory
– mood regulation – hunger and sleep
Hallucinations
Depression and mood disorders
Norepinephrine
Excitatory
– arousal and alertness, especially in fight-or-flight response – mood elevation
Anxiety
Mental disorders, specifically depression
GABA
Inhibitory
– brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter – regulates sleep-wake cycles
Sleep and eating disorders
Anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, Huntington’s disease
Glutamate
Excitatory
– brain’s main excitatory neurotransmitter – basis of learning and long-term memory
Overstimulation of brain, which can cause migraines and seizures
N/A
Endorphins
Inhibitory
– pain control – stress reduction – positive emotions
Artificial highs, inadequate response to pain
Potential involvement in addiction, especially opiates
This one summarizes it well:
Recent studies have shown that oxytocin suppresses inhibitory neurons (which reduce neural activity), thereby allowing excitatory cells to respond more strongly and reliably. As a result of improved signal transmission, oxytocin appears to overall enhance the brain’s response to socially relevant stimuli66.
In the same way science confirms Yeshua’s Teaching, you can find self help coaches putting His advice in new forms, from which you always learn something and help you follow Him better. But at the same time they lack something if you don’t enter Yeshua into the equation.
For instance, when an ideal is described as an idea you have fallen in love with, and success is described the progressive realization of a worthy ideal. Don’t ask if you are worthy of the idea, Bob Proctor from the secret says, “Ask if the idea is worthy of you. Make certain of that, because you are trading your life for it. Success is knowing where you are, knowing where you are going, and progressively moving in that direction70.”
Who decides what is worthy? That depends on your conviction71. What is the right conviction? That’s where Yeshua’s Teaching comes in. You can find better ways to apply Yeshua’s Teaching in the most unexpected places, but you always return to His words to fill in the gaps other teachings always leave open.
Even in this description of success: “Success is liking yourself, liking what you do, and liking how you do it72,” what you like depends on your conviction. And you have to like that too. In order to like it, you must know what it is. More about that here.
Doing what you love is not only important for your success, it is also important for your health, since that’s how you make oxytocin.
Listen to professor Paul Zak’s explanation how it works:
The Moral Molecule | Paul Zak | Talks at Google, March 24, 2015
2Serotonin,Science Direct, erotonin (and melatonin) are thought to help regulate several physiologic activities, including sleep, body temperature, and blood pressure (by stimulating vascular smooth muscle contraction).
Center for Translational Neuroscience, Sanford Burnham Prebys (SBP) Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil. jcbitten@icb.usp.br.
Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, USP, São Paulo, Brazil. jcbitten@icb.usp.br.
Center for Translational Neuroscience, Sanford Burnham Prebys (SBP) Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. rcorrea@sbpdiscovery.org.
18Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors- Systematic Review Article, PMC, November 2014, Dfarhud D, Malmir M, Khanahmadi M. Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors- Systematic Review Article. Iran J Public Health. 2014 Nov;43(11):1468-77. PMID:26060713 PMCID: PMC4449495.1. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. Dept. of Exceptional Children Psychology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4. Dept. of Psychology, Allame Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
3Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. H. Mateika, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R (11R), Rm. 4332, Detroit, MI 48201 (ude.enyaw.dem@akietamj)
3Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan; moc.liamtoh@tayahmisaqm (M.Q.H.); moc.oohay@llamabeehs (S.M.)
4Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
5Molecular Immunology Unit, The Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
6Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (LMP), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
2Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, U.S.A
Correspondence: Donald M. Dougherty, Ph.D., Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, MC7792, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900. Tel: +1 210-567-5391; Fax: +1 210-567-6914; Email: ude.ascshtu@dytrehguod, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2908021/
/zptm.2005.51.1.57. PMID: 15834840. Kerstin Uvnas-Moberg1, Maria Petersson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, PO Box 7045, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. kerstin.uvnas-moberg@fyfa.ki.se
40Oxytocin, You and Your hormones, an education resource for the departmentof endicronology, December, 2020 Oxytocin is a hormone that acts on organs in the body (including the breast and uterus) and as a chemical messenger in the brain, controlling key aspects of the reproductive system, including childbirth and lactation, and aspects of human behaviour.
56Endorphins, Science Direct, 2017, The endorphins are a group of endogenous peptides that are larger in size and distributed differently in the CNS than are the endomorphins, enkephalins, or dynorphins.
59Relaxing effect of rose oil on humans, PubMed, February 4, 2009,, Hongratanaworakit T. Relaxing effect of rose oil on humans. Nat Prod Commun. 2009 Feb;4(2):291-6. PMID: 19370942.Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Rangsit-Ongkharak Road, Nakhonnayok 26120, Thailand. tapanee@swu.ac.thhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370942/
60Rose Flowers-A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer?PubMed, January 21, 2021, Mileva M, Ilieva Y, Jovtchev G, Gateva S, Zaharieva MM, Georgieva A, Dimitrova L, Dobreva A, Angelova T, Vilhelmova-Ilieva N, Valcheva V, Najdenski H. Rose Flowers-A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer? Biomolecules. 2021 Jan 19;11(1):127. doi: 10.3390/biom11010127
Scentses 